Current Topics in Menopause

Management of Obesity in Menopause: Lifestyle Modification, Medication, Bariatric Surgery and Personalized Treatment

Author(s): Yosefa Avraham and Sapir Nachum

Pp: 143-162 (20)

DOI: 10.2174/9781608054534113010010

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Postmenopausal women are at a higher risk to develop obesity. Forty four percent of postmenopausal women are overweight while twenty three percent of whom are considered obese with a body mass index (BMI) above 30 kg/m2. Large increases in weight have been shown to amplify the risk of: coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type II diabetes, cholelithiasis, pulmonary embolism, sleep apnea, gynecological problems, osteoarthritis, and psychiatric illness. Obesity leads to a higher risk for gynecologic cancer, cardiovascular disease, venous thromboembolism, osteoarthritis, and chronic back pain. Decline in estrogen levels associated with depression and physical inactivity are the major causes of the postmenopausal obesity. Thus, lifestyle modification including weight loss and physical activity is necessary to prevent these diseases by reducing the use of medications and by prolonging survival. In the present study we review current information about postmenopausal obesity, its origin and consequences and try to provide strategies for its treatment. Weight gain during the menopausal transition may be inevitable and unpreventable, but lifestyle alterations may help to minimize it. It must also be noted that these treatments may or may not be effective for every person; obesity may now need "personalized treatment".


Keywords: Menopause, Obesity, Energy Expenditure, Breast Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, Hypertension, Osteoporosis, Depression, Lifestyle Modification, Medications, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), Bariatric Surgery, Physical Activity, Polyunsaturated and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids, Estrogen, Progesterone, Leptin, Ghrelin, Personalized Treatment.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59081319 and j.to_ip >=59081319 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676558 and j.to_date >= 1740676558 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4797) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59081319 and j.to_ip >=59081319 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676558 and j.to_date >= 1740676558 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4797) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59081319 and j.to_ip >=59081319 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676558 and j.to_date >= 1740676558 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4797)
      860μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1177 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740676558 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740676558 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.63msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1177
      • 3: 1740676558
      • 4: 1740676558
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='41024a623a9bf4f28908ad4101915af1'
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    20Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        O61W0vrXvuN34FZu0tDafURsPgZwpSpWYXVrVUKV
        uc_cart_id
        41024a623a9bf4f28908ad4101915af1
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/4797" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/4797
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:8 [ "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "keep-alive" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 27 Feb 2025 17:15:58 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlBZaEhJN1BrdWhhY2pkQ04ydUdERWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM3dtM3Z0V09YT0REQjNjZE1VTThLdWQ4cE1TaW9nU2lKekd3WVpqZnkwdmtSSDZLOFIzbS9ZaUpkMU1RN3FKSU1pcHAyOFU5UkFCY2h4VWVDUWtud1RiN3daTWhtRlR4K1hRUHAwS3F5WTE2ODdOZW8rTzNCNUZQL0tYMFQvNDEiLCJtYWMiOiI1MTkyYmQwZjYwZWM5OWM0YjRiY2Y3NzI5NDk3MGJhNTU3NzllMDRmYzFkNmE4ZDk2ZDIyNzc1ODA5YjI2NTkzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 05:15:58 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlBZaEhJN1BrdWhhY2pkQ04ydUdERWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM3dtM3Z0V09YT0REQjNjZE1VTThLdWQ4cE1TaW9nU2lKekd3WVpqZnkwdmtSSDZLOFIzbS9ZaUpkMU1RN3FKSU1pcHAyO" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InU3cXZEdnVUVnZkYjMvdlg0OVBTelE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMUdHWkVSakIvZGRHcENDa3E3b0U5cVdxRFpEdjQvMVplUlIxekJyL2g0Y25uWEk0UmRxRHh5VkQ0T0d5djlzekhOWUJFaEJLZUh2bFAwaUxzMHJHV1lsNW90TmsxVmpIZVh3aGxsK0l4UUl4UXMyTWRkQTAya1Q3bHhWWHdJUGkiLCJtYWMiOiJmY2Y5Mjk1ZTg0MmM5MzYzNzcwZGE3YjY5NTcwMDJhM2QwYjZhODQ2ZDUzZTI1MjgxNjMyZDZmOTcyNDAzMWE1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InU3cXZEdnVUVnZkYjMvdlg0OVBTelE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMUdHWkVSakIvZGRHcENDa3E3b0U5cVdxRFpEdjQvMVplUlIxekJyL2g0Y25uWEk0UmRxRHh5VkQ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlBZaEhJN1BrdWhhY2pkQ04ydUdERWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM3dtM3Z0V09YT0REQjNjZE1VTThLdWQ4cE1TaW9nU2lKekd3WVpqZnkwdmtSSDZLOFIzbS9ZaUpkMU1RN3FKSU1pcHAyOFU5UkFCY2h4VWVDUWtud1RiN3daTWhtRlR4K1hRUHAwS3F5WTE2ODdOZW8rTzNCNUZQL0tYMFQvNDEiLCJtYWMiOiI1MTkyYmQwZjYwZWM5OWM0YjRiY2Y3NzI5NDk3MGJhNTU3NzllMDRmYzFkNmE4ZDk2ZDIyNzc1ODA5YjI2NTkzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 05:15:58 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlBZaEhJN1BrdWhhY2pkQ04ydUdERWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM3dtM3Z0V09YT0REQjNjZE1VTThLdWQ4cE1TaW9nU2lKekd3WVpqZnkwdmtSSDZLOFIzbS9ZaUpkMU1RN3FKSU1pcHAyO" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InU3cXZEdnVUVnZkYjMvdlg0OVBTelE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMUdHWkVSakIvZGRHcENDa3E3b0U5cVdxRFpEdjQvMVplUlIxekJyL2g0Y25uWEk0UmRxRHh5VkQ0T0d5djlzekhOWUJFaEJLZUh2bFAwaUxzMHJHV1lsNW90TmsxVmpIZVh3aGxsK0l4UUl4UXMyTWRkQTAya1Q3bHhWWHdJUGkiLCJtYWMiOiJmY2Y5Mjk1ZTg0MmM5MzYzNzcwZGE3YjY5NTcwMDJhM2QwYjZhODQ2ZDUzZTI1MjgxNjMyZDZmOTcyNDAzMWE1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InU3cXZEdnVUVnZkYjMvdlg0OVBTelE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMUdHWkVSakIvZGRHcENDa3E3b0U5cVdxRFpEdjQvMVplUlIxekJyL2g0Y25uWEk0UmRxRHh5VkQ" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "O61W0vrXvuN34FZu0tDafURsPgZwpSpWYXVrVUKV" "uc_cart_id" => "41024a623a9bf4f28908ad4101915af1" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/4797" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 17:15:58GET/chapter/47971121922