Phenotypic and Genotypic Diversity of Rhizobia

Application of Rhizobia in Agriculture

Author(s): Neelawan Pongsilp

Pp: 176-187 (12)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805461911201010176

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Rhizobia are of enormous agricultural and economic values because they provide the major source of nitrogen input in agricultural soils. Beside nitrogen fixation, many rhizobial strains exert plant-growth-promoting traits such as the production of phytohormones, siderophores and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase as well as the solubilization of inorganic phosphate. These make rhizobia become valuable for both legumes and non-legumes. Effective rhizobial strains have been screened and used as inoculants for improving plant growth. The application of rhizobia as biofertilizer ensures success in crop productivity and reduces the need for artificial fertilizers that are expensive and cause environmental problems. Coinoculations of rhizobia and other plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have shown the significant increase in plant-growth promotion. Several rhizobial strains have also been reported for their bioremediation abilities.


Keywords: Acetylene Reduction Activity (ARA), Biofertilizer, Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), Bioremediation, Co-inoculation, Endophyte, Inoculant, Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), Rhizobia, Symbiotic effectiveness.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59426842 and j.to_ip >=59426842 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740775806 and j.to_date >= 1740775806 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4451) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59426842 and j.to_ip >=59426842 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740775806 and j.to_date >= 1740775806 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4451) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59426842 and j.to_ip >=59426842 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740775806 and j.to_date >= 1740775806 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4451)
      1.66msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1111 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740775806 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740775806 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.82msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1111
      • 3: 1740775806
      • 4: 1740775806
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='69e11bf250487bb19c77443009f666f1'
      370μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:291
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    10Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        3ztPfQTddp83JFcHHp8IcR4zvWYNcv6c2WuODLRv
        uc_cart_id
        69e11bf250487bb19c77443009f666f1
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/4451" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/4451
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:8 [ "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "keep-alive" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Fri, 28 Feb 2025 20:50:06 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik5FT21iSXFOY2QyOFJydXB3YVR3VGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ1BBekdhQndnSFFSRVRNTEZWa3ZETG8vNkJKY3daRmlZSms2Rm9PL0VubmpYT01QSkJ2aEN1ZEF4eEtDVTI3UlgzZkI3eXVMNm53Y2FGQllsa1VnU0k0c1ZkaGNvOGdKemdIVnpycmtCcFRVTE1hOTZ1SDA0UGdwbHhrSC9iMkUiLCJtYWMiOiI5M2VkMzBiZDJmYWE3MTliMjZmZmYxNDhkODU5MTEzNDlhYWU1OWE4ZGVjOTIyNGMyYzA3NzI2NmQ1YmU4NzNmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Mon, 03 Mar 2025 08:50:06 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik5FT21iSXFOY2QyOFJydXB3YVR3VGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ1BBekdhQndnSFFSRVRNTEZWa3ZETG8vNkJKY3daRmlZSms2Rm9PL0VubmpYT01QSkJ2aEN1ZEF4eEtDVTI3UlgzZkI3e" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjlocVNXejhXbmtOKy9hQkl5VnFGb3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT0ZzNVk5UHdJa1JLVjMzb25QQUxKZ0F0U0R6WTZOZWNkM0dsL1BOM0Q2TGxxRDFING9yY1dUbHRJK1Vqc2xiYlcxRGJRMkdwQTgva3QxNUU5aDNDV0xmRHhHdldEUmJJV2dvVmFKWWhaYy9qb25jM3BhT3kya292YmpZb3Z4d0wiLCJtYWMiOiIxN2FjYzRhMjI3YTNlNGM0Zjk5MjgwZDI5NTgwYTFkY2FhYTc5YTU3NTU5ZDcyYmE4M2JkMmU2YTIyYWZmODRmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjlocVNXejhXbmtOKy9hQkl5VnFGb3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT0ZzNVk5UHdJa1JLVjMzb25QQUxKZ0F0U0R6WTZOZWNkM0dsL1BOM0Q2TGxxRDFING9yY1dUbHR" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik5FT21iSXFOY2QyOFJydXB3YVR3VGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ1BBekdhQndnSFFSRVRNTEZWa3ZETG8vNkJKY3daRmlZSms2Rm9PL0VubmpYT01QSkJ2aEN1ZEF4eEtDVTI3UlgzZkI3eXVMNm53Y2FGQllsa1VnU0k0c1ZkaGNvOGdKemdIVnpycmtCcFRVTE1hOTZ1SDA0UGdwbHhrSC9iMkUiLCJtYWMiOiI5M2VkMzBiZDJmYWE3MTliMjZmZmYxNDhkODU5MTEzNDlhYWU1OWE4ZGVjOTIyNGMyYzA3NzI2NmQ1YmU4NzNmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Mon, 03-Mar-2025 08:50:06 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik5FT21iSXFOY2QyOFJydXB3YVR3VGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ1BBekdhQndnSFFSRVRNTEZWa3ZETG8vNkJKY3daRmlZSms2Rm9PL0VubmpYT01QSkJ2aEN1ZEF4eEtDVTI3UlgzZkI3e" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjlocVNXejhXbmtOKy9hQkl5VnFGb3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT0ZzNVk5UHdJa1JLVjMzb25QQUxKZ0F0U0R6WTZOZWNkM0dsL1BOM0Q2TGxxRDFING9yY1dUbHRJK1Vqc2xiYlcxRGJRMkdwQTgva3QxNUU5aDNDV0xmRHhHdldEUmJJV2dvVmFKWWhaYy9qb25jM3BhT3kya292YmpZb3Z4d0wiLCJtYWMiOiIxN2FjYzRhMjI3YTNlNGM0Zjk5MjgwZDI5NTgwYTFkY2FhYTc5YTU3NTU5ZDcyYmE4M2JkMmU2YTIyYWZmODRmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjlocVNXejhXbmtOKy9hQkl5VnFGb3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT0ZzNVk5UHdJa1JLVjMzb25QQUxKZ0F0U0R6WTZOZWNkM0dsL1BOM0Q2TGxxRDFING9yY1dUbHR" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "3ztPfQTddp83JFcHHp8IcR4zvWYNcv6c2WuODLRv" "uc_cart_id" => "69e11bf250487bb19c77443009f666f1" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/4451" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-28 20:50:06GET/chapter/44511121912