Toxic Effects of Nanomaterials

Risks Associated with the Use of Nanomaterials

Author(s): Sajjad Haider, Nausheen Bukhari and Adnan Haider

Pp: 121-136 (16)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805283711201010121

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Advances in engineering nanostructures with exquisite control of size and shape, their unique properties and broad applications (e.g., probes in ultrasensitive molecular sensing and diagnostic imaging, agents for photodynamic therapy and actuators for drug delivery, triggers for photothermal treatment, and precursors for building solar cells, electronics and light emitting diodes) have made nanotechnology an exciting research area. As the field moves from academic findings to industrial products, concerns have surfaced on the subject of the toxicity of nanostructures. Therefore, it is indispensable to embark on liable development of nanotechnology to develop and use these nanomaterials to meet human and societal needs while making every effort to foresee and alleviate their adverse effects, and unintended consequences. Currently, a complete understanding of the size, shape, composition, and aggregation dependent interactions of nanostructures with biological systems is lacking and thus it is unclear whether the exposure of humans, animals, insects and plants to engineered nanomaterials could produce harmful biological responses. Hence, a new sub-discipline of nanotechnology called nanotoxicology has emerged. There is a keen interest in nanotoxicology research since the processing of nanostructures in biological systems could lead to unpredictable effects. This uncertainty, in combination with the absence of a complete current understanding of the interactions of as-designed nanostructures with biological systems has led to many questions raised by the regulatory agencies and general public to nanotechnology-based products. The focus of this chapter is to update the reader knowledge on the design, synthesis, characterization and in-vitro and in-vivo activities of these nanostructures and define a link between these studies and a better toxicological understanding of nanostructures.


Keywords: Fullerene, Carbon nanotubes, Metals nanoparticles, Metal oxides nanoparticles, Metal alloy nanoparticles, Synthesis, Characterization techniques, Toxicity, In vivo toxicity, In vitro toxicity.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316440840 and j.to_ip >=316440840 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740774069 and j.to_date >= 1740774069 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4285) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316440840 and j.to_ip >=316440840 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740774069 and j.to_date >= 1740774069 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4285) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316440840 and j.to_ip >=316440840 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740774069 and j.to_date >= 1740774069 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4285)
      930μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1097 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740774069 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740774069 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.49msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1097
      • 3: 1740774069
      • 4: 1740774069
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='ec3008536425659d9728ca348ae863f8'
      270μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:291
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    10Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        kZdDtFGPlOCgseoVE8wzmVL6EVx52x2ghuK1Pc4k
        uc_cart_id
        ec3008536425659d9728ca348ae863f8
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/4285" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/4285
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "kZdDtFGPlOCgseoVE8wzmVL6EVx52x2ghuK1Pc4k" "uc_cart_id" => "ec3008536425659d9728ca348ae863f8" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/4285" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-28 20:21:09GET/chapter/42851121912