Pregnancy Disorders and Perinatal Outcomes

Embryo Implantation Disorders

Author(s): Mohan Singh, Parvesh Chaudhry and Eric Asselin

Pp: 3-19 (17)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805372811201010003

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Embryo implantation is a complex process; primary step in implantation is the initiation of dialogue between free floating blastocyst and the receptive endometrium. This is followed by a stable adhesion of the blastocyst anchors to the endometrial basal lamina and stromal extracellular matrix. The last step is invasion of the embryo through the luminal epithelium and its basal lamina into the uterine stroma. Successful embryo implantation depends up on number of factors like steroid hormones (progesterone, estrogen), Cyclooxygenases, prostaglandins, cytokines, growth factors, transcription factors (HOXA-10 and HOXA-11), and adhesion molecules (integrins, selectins, cadherins, mucins) and receptive endometrium. Importantly, there is timely regulation of these factors and their cross talk which mediates the implantation process. Blastocyst is unable to implant successfully if there is deregulation in any of these factors leading to pregnancy loss. In this chapter we reviewed the information available till date to provide possible causes of implantation failure and its positive outcomes.


Keywords: Implantation, endometrial receptivity, growth factors, cytokines, hormones, adhesion molecules.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316269629 and j.to_ip >=316269629 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971590 and j.to_date >= 1739971590 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3759) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316269629 and j.to_ip >=316269629 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971590 and j.to_date >= 1739971590 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3759) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316269629 and j.to_ip >=316269629 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971590 and j.to_date >= 1739971590 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3759)
      650μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1061 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739971590 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739971590 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.09msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1061
      • 3: 1739971590
      • 4: 1739971590
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='76268df3de277f7b1f5dec7cd03c4797'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        jReVwrm1GAIT7pnX2Zwsy0VyfMrEFpJwaGYEA267
        uc_cart_id
        76268df3de277f7b1f5dec7cd03c4797
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3759" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/3759
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:8 [ "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "keep-alive" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 19 Feb 2025 13:26:30 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImN2RG41U3dScFlNUXpIQlhiN1VibWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMkE2Y0xtOExzUHZ1SFg2UFlzNWp1dHk1VXJvTU9vYktwRGJIRm5Pa05HK3NhQWhBU2ozY1UxdXRaVjZjSXFTTDVnZXBxZjBTQ2Zlc2xFa2swRWw4Sk5nR1N6UmpGNFVUU05lRTdmZ21Kb1FYTVk4MzlxeUNJb1pBWXc0a3dZVFciLCJtYWMiOiI0ODcwODViZjQ3NzEyOTYwNTc1MzE2NjU2OWMyYTkyNDFjOWI0ZDVkZWU2OWIwODA5MzQ5N2MwMDU4MzE4ZmMwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22 Feb 2025 01:26:30 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImN2RG41U3dScFlNUXpIQlhiN1VibWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMkE2Y0xtOExzUHZ1SFg2UFlzNWp1dHk1VXJvTU9vYktwRGJIRm5Pa05HK3NhQWhBU2ozY1UxdXRaVjZjSXFTTDVnZXBxZ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InJ3SmplL3UyVXJPcU5hcTF3aTNRNEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYWEvTjEvUER1NXAvOC9kK2wxNDZWQ1EyNXJaNEtwQVhaTHcxOExleHJVa2RNN2NZME52TlJJelVrbkE4TXE4MG8relR1NDN6MUdKM0xwNEpWbWxOYm9Balk3MU1kODJMRUZxNFlZazN4cnVsaWc3eUNMZExCTEtzRHZEME9BZjgiLCJtYWMiOiI3NmFmZjM4NjY3Yzc3MDFmYTlkYzFkNWZjMzc1ODc0NTNiMGYwM2QwN2Y0ODA1YzEwYTdmNDc1ZTBiOTdjZGJiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InJ3SmplL3UyVXJPcU5hcTF3aTNRNEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYWEvTjEvUER1NXAvOC9kK2wxNDZWQ1EyNXJaNEtwQVhaTHcxOExleHJVa2RNN2NZME52TlJJelV" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImN2RG41U3dScFlNUXpIQlhiN1VibWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMkE2Y0xtOExzUHZ1SFg2UFlzNWp1dHk1VXJvTU9vYktwRGJIRm5Pa05HK3NhQWhBU2ozY1UxdXRaVjZjSXFTTDVnZXBxZjBTQ2Zlc2xFa2swRWw4Sk5nR1N6UmpGNFVUU05lRTdmZ21Kb1FYTVk4MzlxeUNJb1pBWXc0a3dZVFciLCJtYWMiOiI0ODcwODViZjQ3NzEyOTYwNTc1MzE2NjU2OWMyYTkyNDFjOWI0ZDVkZWU2OWIwODA5MzQ5N2MwMDU4MzE4ZmMwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22-Feb-2025 01:26:30 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImN2RG41U3dScFlNUXpIQlhiN1VibWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMkE2Y0xtOExzUHZ1SFg2UFlzNWp1dHk1VXJvTU9vYktwRGJIRm5Pa05HK3NhQWhBU2ozY1UxdXRaVjZjSXFTTDVnZXBxZ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InJ3SmplL3UyVXJPcU5hcTF3aTNRNEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYWEvTjEvUER1NXAvOC9kK2wxNDZWQ1EyNXJaNEtwQVhaTHcxOExleHJVa2RNN2NZME52TlJJelVrbkE4TXE4MG8relR1NDN6MUdKM0xwNEpWbWxOYm9Balk3MU1kODJMRUZxNFlZazN4cnVsaWc3eUNMZExCTEtzRHZEME9BZjgiLCJtYWMiOiI3NmFmZjM4NjY3Yzc3MDFmYTlkYzFkNWZjMzc1ODc0NTNiMGYwM2QwN2Y0ODA1YzEwYTdmNDc1ZTBiOTdjZGJiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InJ3SmplL3UyVXJPcU5hcTF3aTNRNEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYWEvTjEvUER1NXAvOC9kK2wxNDZWQ1EyNXJaNEtwQVhaTHcxOExleHJVa2RNN2NZME52TlJJelV" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "jReVwrm1GAIT7pnX2Zwsy0VyfMrEFpJwaGYEA267" "uc_cart_id" => "76268df3de277f7b1f5dec7cd03c4797" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3759" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 13:26:30GET/chapter/3759112198