Integrated Control of Citrus Pests in the Mediterranean Region

Pseudococcidae and Monophlebidae

Author(s): Ezio Peri, Apostolos Kapranas

Pp: 172-182 (11)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805294311201010172

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The families Pseudococcidae (mealybugs) and Monophlebidae include small scale insects (Coccoidea: Hemiptera) that suck out plant sap. The bodies of young instars and adult females are covered with a wax secretion, whereas adult males carry a pair of small wings. Feeding by these pests can cause premature leaf, flower, and fruit drop, reduce plant vigour and discolour tissues. In addition, they secrete honeydew upon which sooty-mould fungi grow, reducing photosynthesis and the market value of the product. Six species of Pseudococcidae, namely Planococcus citri (Risso), Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel, Ps. longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti), Ps. calceolariae (Maskell), Ps. viburni (Signoret) and Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) are economic pests of citrus in the Mediterranean area, along with Icerya purchasi Maskell, in the family Monophlebidae.


Keywords: Citriculture, Mediterranean Region, citrus mealybugs, cottony cushion scale, bio-ecology, control

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309813860 and j.to_ip >=309813860 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740422606 and j.to_date >= 1740422606 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 340) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309813860 and j.to_ip >=309813860 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740422606 and j.to_date >= 1740422606 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 340) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309813860 and j.to_ip >=309813860 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740422606 and j.to_date >= 1740422606 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 340)
      950μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 809 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740422606 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740422606 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.52msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 809
      • 3: 1740422606
      • 4: 1740422606
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='098cb458703aa1f9f178d37172b36e75'
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        iFgiKn300VEhpBmrLcLBs4JsCvDxJYhRYuOYq13F
        uc_cart_id
        098cb458703aa1f9f178d37172b36e75
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/340" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/340
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:8 [ "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "keep-alive" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 24 Feb 2025 18:43:26 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InM3S1Qwa3ZpaUs5WWRYMHA3V1pxd0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicHpIcXA1elpxd0R6cjV5eFNxbVN3MXpHM3U4YlNZNUJsbGlhSjJmdnNMcTdsUDM2elpsSVI0d3EvK2xUOWxFVGRIM1J2c1VUdk9OUGdnTEhjNEFkV3htSjVUTEpmZzQrOEtzcC9YNW8rblZuQmh4UUdyeXF4bnpzUjJvMXpzbFciLCJtYWMiOiIwMmJlZmExZWI2ZjZjYzVhODAyOGRmY2Q4MjE2ZWI4ZjdiMzEyN2I4Y2M2YmNkNjIxYjRiM2EyMjNmYWU5ZWRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 06:43:26 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InM3S1Qwa3ZpaUs5WWRYMHA3V1pxd0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicHpIcXA1elpxd0R6cjV5eFNxbVN3MXpHM3U4YlNZNUJsbGlhSjJmdnNMcTdsUDM2elpsSVI0d3EvK2xUOWxFVGRIM1J2c" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImFTUVZWc1A5ZkVkRCtVQWF1QTlCdHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiemxhU3MvTXZlQTBSY1lJdG1oT3lQVDBtNlVpQUN0a0FGcXRtNDhuQUFvUk4wR3BNeTBrOFBoenNIbEViNFJzUHZSK0hqeHVadWNLb1RhTFRhdUtEOTd0YjQ0dlFRT0EwbEswU2MwVXBJZkg1dzA3aTEvMlR5Yk1GZHZ1aEZKMVIiLCJtYWMiOiI0NjljYzkxZDZhMWY0MTUwNGViYjMxN2FkYjg2ZGUxZmY0ZjY2NTRhZTc0OGIzZjNhM2E5NDk2YTAxNjk3OGQxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImFTUVZWc1A5ZkVkRCtVQWF1QTlCdHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiemxhU3MvTXZlQTBSY1lJdG1oT3lQVDBtNlVpQUN0a0FGcXRtNDhuQUFvUk4wR3BNeTBrOFBoenN" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InM3S1Qwa3ZpaUs5WWRYMHA3V1pxd0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicHpIcXA1elpxd0R6cjV5eFNxbVN3MXpHM3U4YlNZNUJsbGlhSjJmdnNMcTdsUDM2elpsSVI0d3EvK2xUOWxFVGRIM1J2c1VUdk9OUGdnTEhjNEFkV3htSjVUTEpmZzQrOEtzcC9YNW8rblZuQmh4UUdyeXF4bnpzUjJvMXpzbFciLCJtYWMiOiIwMmJlZmExZWI2ZjZjYzVhODAyOGRmY2Q4MjE2ZWI4ZjdiMzEyN2I4Y2M2YmNkNjIxYjRiM2EyMjNmYWU5ZWRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 06:43:26 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InM3S1Qwa3ZpaUs5WWRYMHA3V1pxd0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicHpIcXA1elpxd0R6cjV5eFNxbVN3MXpHM3U4YlNZNUJsbGlhSjJmdnNMcTdsUDM2elpsSVI0d3EvK2xUOWxFVGRIM1J2c" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImFTUVZWc1A5ZkVkRCtVQWF1QTlCdHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiemxhU3MvTXZlQTBSY1lJdG1oT3lQVDBtNlVpQUN0a0FGcXRtNDhuQUFvUk4wR3BNeTBrOFBoenNIbEViNFJzUHZSK0hqeHVadWNLb1RhTFRhdUtEOTd0YjQ0dlFRT0EwbEswU2MwVXBJZkg1dzA3aTEvMlR5Yk1GZHZ1aEZKMVIiLCJtYWMiOiI0NjljYzkxZDZhMWY0MTUwNGViYjMxN2FkYjg2ZGUxZmY0ZjY2NTRhZTc0OGIzZjNhM2E5NDk2YTAxNjk3OGQxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImFTUVZWc1A5ZkVkRCtVQWF1QTlCdHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiemxhU3MvTXZlQTBSY1lJdG1oT3lQVDBtNlVpQUN0a0FGcXRtNDhuQUFvUk4wR3BNeTBrOFBoenN" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "iFgiKn300VEhpBmrLcLBs4JsCvDxJYhRYuOYq13F" "uc_cart_id" => "098cb458703aa1f9f178d37172b36e75" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/340" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-24 18:43:26GET/chapter/340112198