Current Topics on Fetal 3D/4D Ultrasound

Fetal Weight Estimation and Organ Volume Measurement by Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography

Author(s): Rodrigo Ruano

Pp: 177-191 (15)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805019210901010177

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

With great advancement in medical imaging methods, it is possible to measure the volume of fetal organs and structures. Two principal techniques have been described, the ‘parallel technique’ and the ‘rotational method’, but the latest one is more used over the world in clinical practice because of being easier and faster as well as allowing corrections on the multiplanar imaging. Recent studies have been using 3DUS in order to incorporate the soft-tissue thickness into the mathematical formulas to estimate fetal weight. A few equations have been reported which are present in this present chapter. 3DUS can also be applied for estimating fetal organ volumes. Fetal lung volumes can be useful for the prediction of pulmonary hypoplasia in thoracic malformations, while fetal heart volume for fetal heart function. To assess the status of fetal growth and nutrition, fetal liver has been proposed. Fetal renal volumes may be an interesting tool for the monitoring of renal conditions, including nephromegaly, hypoplasia and hydronephrosis. Fetal adrenal gland volumes could be of interest to evaluate adrenal tumors and to predict labor, since adrenal hormonal changes are implicated in triggering labor. Fetal brain volumes are also suggested to provide an insight into the nature of abnormal fetal growth. In conclusion, 3DUS can be indicated to improve the prediction of fetal organ dysfunction and weight disturbances.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59620938 and j.to_ip >=59620938 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740677262 and j.to_date >= 1740677262 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 292) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59620938 and j.to_ip >=59620938 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740677262 and j.to_date >= 1740677262 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 292) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59620938 and j.to_ip >=59620938 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740677262 and j.to_date >= 1740677262 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 292)
      950μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 813 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740677262 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740677262 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.48msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 813
      • 3: 1740677262
      • 4: 1740677262
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='dd967e0ce69fb668d3e8fffc7872d85f'
      18.37msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        lhDz0xudDtSsmsUvFZIt1FREcgLvtMHvnsr57K0F
        uc_cart_id
        dd967e0ce69fb668d3e8fffc7872d85f
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/292" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/292
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:8 [ "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "keep-alive" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 27 Feb 2025 17:27:42 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im1MRTJlUHZuY3ZZbnNzYTYwdUVKSXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQWNsckFDNTRiMDNPV2FTV3lrL2UvQkxmUE9RWHluSk4vRnByYlBUR0R2ang4VXJpcWFIQVlaMGszUTJYcmZ6dlV3dTJUeGlyTjBKM0o5c1dGT0FMNmh5TlVidWt0UTB0aXlqL2JLaE1wWDBYemhMU2FHWkZYL0Qyd0NQb29mOGMiLCJtYWMiOiI2YTc1ZjYzMDJmMjk0OWFlNzdmMzNiOTJjMDdiM2I1NTUzMmU5ODJmZTViMDBjNDNhNDYxNjE1MTY4YjM1YzdlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 05:27:42 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im1MRTJlUHZuY3ZZbnNzYTYwdUVKSXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQWNsckFDNTRiMDNPV2FTV3lrL2UvQkxmUE9RWHluSk4vRnByYlBUR0R2ang4VXJpcWFIQVlaMGszUTJYcmZ6dlV3dTJUe" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjJtZDgrVmF1bHdDMmFxUlAxSUJxekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNWwwSk5CUUdYNFhiY1h0elJzcnFRTWlaVEdkQyt0QTZwRmFYWXNGNldyV2Yya1ladHdteEZtY2tFNEtmU3Bwc3ZBb1pndW8wV2JCUHRnRlIza2R6cVdLd01rVk81ZzZ3Nlp0VExNa1JjVVNJRDArcmtLN2JqQWtzZnNXRmJyREEiLCJtYWMiOiI0NjE0YmEzNDg4M2FjZmNmNmUwMjI4NGQ5OGJhMTBkNmMwNjJhYzJkZTBlM2YxYWIyYjNmNWY2ZmE5NTcyOWU5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjJtZDgrVmF1bHdDMmFxUlAxSUJxekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNWwwSk5CUUdYNFhiY1h0elJzcnFRTWlaVEdkQyt0QTZwRmFYWXNGNldyV2Yya1ladHdteEZtY2t" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im1MRTJlUHZuY3ZZbnNzYTYwdUVKSXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQWNsckFDNTRiMDNPV2FTV3lrL2UvQkxmUE9RWHluSk4vRnByYlBUR0R2ang4VXJpcWFIQVlaMGszUTJYcmZ6dlV3dTJUeGlyTjBKM0o5c1dGT0FMNmh5TlVidWt0UTB0aXlqL2JLaE1wWDBYemhMU2FHWkZYL0Qyd0NQb29mOGMiLCJtYWMiOiI2YTc1ZjYzMDJmMjk0OWFlNzdmMzNiOTJjMDdiM2I1NTUzMmU5ODJmZTViMDBjNDNhNDYxNjE1MTY4YjM1YzdlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 05:27:42 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im1MRTJlUHZuY3ZZbnNzYTYwdUVKSXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQWNsckFDNTRiMDNPV2FTV3lrL2UvQkxmUE9RWHluSk4vRnByYlBUR0R2ang4VXJpcWFIQVlaMGszUTJYcmZ6dlV3dTJUe" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjJtZDgrVmF1bHdDMmFxUlAxSUJxekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNWwwSk5CUUdYNFhiY1h0elJzcnFRTWlaVEdkQyt0QTZwRmFYWXNGNldyV2Yya1ladHdteEZtY2tFNEtmU3Bwc3ZBb1pndW8wV2JCUHRnRlIza2R6cVdLd01rVk81ZzZ3Nlp0VExNa1JjVVNJRDArcmtLN2JqQWtzZnNXRmJyREEiLCJtYWMiOiI0NjE0YmEzNDg4M2FjZmNmNmUwMjI4NGQ5OGJhMTBkNmMwNjJhYzJkZTBlM2YxYWIyYjNmNWY2ZmE5NTcyOWU5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjJtZDgrVmF1bHdDMmFxUlAxSUJxekE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNWwwSk5CUUdYNFhiY1h0elJzcnFRTWlaVEdkQyt0QTZwRmFYWXNGNldyV2Yya1ladHdteEZtY2t" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "lhDz0xudDtSsmsUvFZIt1FREcgLvtMHvnsr57K0F" "uc_cart_id" => "dd967e0ce69fb668d3e8fffc7872d85f" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/292" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 17:27:42GET/chapter/292112193