Current Topics on Fetal 3D/4D Ultrasound

Fetal Central Nervous System

Author(s): Mi Suk Kim

Pp: 118-132 (15)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805019210901010118

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Greatly improved diagnosis and investigation of fetal central nervous system abnormalities is the result of impressive technologic advances in ultrasonographic imaging. This applies as well to the study of spinal and facial abnormalities that are associated with central nervous system anomalies. More attention has been paid to midbrain structural defects, such as agenesis of the corpus callosum and abnormalities of the cerebellum, with the introduction of three- and four- dimensional ultrasound. Notwithstanding all these recent rapid technologic advances, many professionals --- except for a few pioneers --- have difficulty keeping up-to-date. The purpose of this review of basic principles and various applications of three-dimensional ultrasound to the fetal central nervous system evaluation is to inform professionals working in obstetric ultrasound of those advances. We will focus primarily on normal findings of three-dimensional sonography of the fetal central nervous system. We will also discuss a range of topics from methods of real-time scanning and software manipulation to the application of these techniques to each section of the fetal nervous system.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873368187 and j.to_ip >=873368187 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676440 and j.to_date >= 1740676440 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 290) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873368187 and j.to_ip >=873368187 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676440 and j.to_date >= 1740676440 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 290) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873368187 and j.to_ip >=873368187 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676440 and j.to_date >= 1740676440 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 290)
      730μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 813 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740676440 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740676440 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.24msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 813
      • 3: 1740676440
      • 4: 1740676440
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='8998d6dcecd930cfdc95fcf9899b7aa7'
      210μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        ovvpZdY8ZPCl0lfu2IvL0ceX2Bemy1YRaQGb8hxZ
        uc_cart_id
        8998d6dcecd930cfdc95fcf9899b7aa7
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/290" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/290
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:8 [ "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "keep-alive" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 27 Feb 2025 17:14:00 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkFXYVROSlVaMGxjeSsrYS9vWUg2dXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL3kxai94SUZYdmRwci9nRjRtMFNreUF6eXdzcDc3UHB6TTduak01cG51QzQyT0Y4SVIzSWx1ZzRhenIySUtNdWZ4ekhYaXIvRUJKRkVGV0h1cEhlZnpsSExtODdpMG5ZdFJDbFhWZ09QU3Q2NlFTaUM0ditxN3RLZmVCeVFrV1MiLCJtYWMiOiIwNWU0NGQyMDY2YjY4NDUyYzM0MmQ3MzUwMzI5MGY3ODkyYTdkYWI2M2VkOWJmNTE4MDI0NGRlODE1MzlhMDgxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 05:14:00 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkFXYVROSlVaMGxjeSsrYS9vWUg2dXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL3kxai94SUZYdmRwci9nRjRtMFNreUF6eXdzcDc3UHB6TTduak01cG51QzQyT0Y4SVIzSWx1ZzRhenIySUtNdWZ4ekhYa" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InJ1UnE0NTdJRlAwcWw0TjV5RkxwM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSGFjNDJteklLL1BSNDBxRjd0SEVJS2ZXUzk0bUpkNjdianBkNkJJVktIMkc0SVNlUEpzTk9YTDNOdjhSaExTZ3crY3dhM2ZkSGRLVXFjcDJsMHNETkF0TlFQTnBScy9LaE42ZVYydUNVcmxIbmM5REVaQlZ6Q0FCMFZpU0ZCeDEiLCJtYWMiOiJlYjg4ZGY3MWI0MGIzYTczZWZjMmRkNDA3MGVlMjcxOTY2YWEyNmQ2NDcxZmZmNjMyZjFjMDI3ZWVhOTlmOTYwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InJ1UnE0NTdJRlAwcWw0TjV5RkxwM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSGFjNDJteklLL1BSNDBxRjd0SEVJS2ZXUzk0bUpkNjdianBkNkJJVktIMkc0SVNlUEpzTk9YTDN" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkFXYVROSlVaMGxjeSsrYS9vWUg2dXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL3kxai94SUZYdmRwci9nRjRtMFNreUF6eXdzcDc3UHB6TTduak01cG51QzQyT0Y4SVIzSWx1ZzRhenIySUtNdWZ4ekhYaXIvRUJKRkVGV0h1cEhlZnpsSExtODdpMG5ZdFJDbFhWZ09QU3Q2NlFTaUM0ditxN3RLZmVCeVFrV1MiLCJtYWMiOiIwNWU0NGQyMDY2YjY4NDUyYzM0MmQ3MzUwMzI5MGY3ODkyYTdkYWI2M2VkOWJmNTE4MDI0NGRlODE1MzlhMDgxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 05:14:00 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkFXYVROSlVaMGxjeSsrYS9vWUg2dXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL3kxai94SUZYdmRwci9nRjRtMFNreUF6eXdzcDc3UHB6TTduak01cG51QzQyT0Y4SVIzSWx1ZzRhenIySUtNdWZ4ekhYa" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InJ1UnE0NTdJRlAwcWw0TjV5RkxwM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSGFjNDJteklLL1BSNDBxRjd0SEVJS2ZXUzk0bUpkNjdianBkNkJJVktIMkc0SVNlUEpzTk9YTDNOdjhSaExTZ3crY3dhM2ZkSGRLVXFjcDJsMHNETkF0TlFQTnBScy9LaE42ZVYydUNVcmxIbmM5REVaQlZ6Q0FCMFZpU0ZCeDEiLCJtYWMiOiJlYjg4ZGY3MWI0MGIzYTczZWZjMmRkNDA3MGVlMjcxOTY2YWEyNmQ2NDcxZmZmNjMyZjFjMDI3ZWVhOTlmOTYwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InJ1UnE0NTdJRlAwcWw0TjV5RkxwM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSGFjNDJteklLL1BSNDBxRjd0SEVJS2ZXUzk0bUpkNjdianBkNkJJVktIMkc0SVNlUEpzTk9YTDN" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "ovvpZdY8ZPCl0lfu2IvL0ceX2Bemy1YRaQGb8hxZ" "uc_cart_id" => "8998d6dcecd930cfdc95fcf9899b7aa7" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/290" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 17:14:00GET/chapter/290112193