Part 3- Second Trimester: Skeletal Disorders, Thoracic, Abdominal, Kidney and Other Malformations

The acardius fetuses or TRAP, consequence of vascular anastomoses in the placenta, may disrupt organogenesis in the recipient.They are classified as acardius amorphous, acormus, acephalus and anceps. Diagnosis is now possible during the first trimester by using trasnvaginal 3D Doppler Angiography. Conjoined twins are variants of monozygotic twins that occur by incomplete dissociation of cells from the internal cellular mass, especially during the hatching process. Thanatophoric dysplasia is the most common lethal osteochondrodysplasia. The different skeletal dysplasias, the mentioned, dysostosis, idiopathic osteolisis, disorders resulting from chromosomal defects and resulting from primary metabolic disorders, are showed by using their US typical images. Achondroplasias, an autosomal dominant disorder related to a defect in the short arm of chromosome 4, can be homozygous (lethal) or heterozygous (most live newborn). Osteogenesis imperfecta includes disorders of the connective tissue and bone fragility, particularly of the skeletal system. Lung malformations, bronchogenic cyst and cystic adenomatoid malformation have characteristic differential 3D US images. Cardiac tumors are rear findings and have been identified with fetal echocardiography, improving the perinatal outcome. Neural tube defects, myelomeningocele and spina bífida, are among the most difficult malformations to diagnose, requiring considerable experience and the use of 3D. Sacrococcygeal teratomas represent more than half of all fetal solid tumors. Fetal limb malformations are classified depending on whether the anomalies are predominantly of bone length or of digital deformities. Congenital multiple arthrogriposis or joint gryposis describe a syndrome consisting of multiple contractures and joint dislocations of a very poor perinatal outcome. Gastrointestinal malformations are numerous with different locations and prognosis. We are showing all of them by using 3D/4D, paying special attention to the most common ones: gastroschisis and omphalocele. Renal and other urinary tract malformations represent 20% of all congenital anomalies. It is now possible to detect a wide spectrum using 3D. These may be either isolated or part of polimalformative syndromes. There are very few reports of intersexes and other Genital malformations. Amniotic band syndrome is characterized by multiple malformations secondary to amniotic bands that compress fetal parts causing amputations and other lesions.