Biomedical Applications of Perovskites: The Era of Bio-Piezoelectric Systems

Structural Analysis of Piezoelectric Perovskite Materials

Author(s): Anu Singh, Ritesh Verma*, Preeti Thakur, Atul Thakur and Fayu Wan

Pp: 40-59 (20)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815256383124010005

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Perovskite (Calcium titanium oxide)was discovered in 1839 by Alekseevich Perovski, a Russian mineralogist. Perovskites are materials with the same structure as calcium titanium oxide (CaTiO3 ) mineral or you can say that all the materials with the same structure as CaTiO3 are perovskites. The basic structure of perovskite is ABX3 , where the A-site is generally occupied by large twelve coordinated cations and B by smaller, octahedrally coordinated cations, and X is a common anion, for instance, Oxygen. A cation is divalent and B is tetravalent cation. Tilting of BO6 octahedra through B-O-B linkage results in rhombohedral, orthorhombic and tetragonal structures. The structure of perovskites can be modified by doping and altering synthesis techniques, such as by changing pH value, calcination temperature, and calefactive velocity. Perovskite materials have a wide range of applications in different fields, such as solar cells, photodetectors, sensors, water purification, etc

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314545352 and j.to_ip >=314545352 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848472 and j.to_date >= 1739848472 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 23153) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314545352 and j.to_ip >=314545352 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848472 and j.to_date >= 1739848472 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 23153) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314545352 and j.to_ip >=314545352 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848472 and j.to_date >= 1739848472 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 23153)
      670μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3761 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739848472 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739848472 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.09msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3761
      • 3: 1739848472
      • 4: 1739848472
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='1033f3511e84b80f1a660c5b7f3aa8f3'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        9PYT40EwaFn6mLxMlhbnDLqOQczVaOhk9oB2HJyE
        uc_cart_id
        1033f3511e84b80f1a660c5b7f3aa8f3
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/23153" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/23153
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 03:14:32 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJUMEdSUTlHT004TTFuZVJQS3ljd3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSmhGSzFCZ3JLZE5XK3B1K041SFRoaHNBM3dNTmNVek9WWEFialRTVVIxT0dsMXFldEw3VHdTL1FQWGpZZGV6MFlualVIUVFYNm50WS9UOTBjYmhtMUVQRytXR3NlZzVpbzJNSWNDZXlBb2lPWFlHaDE2d2pTblY0TmdLZGNQNW4iLCJtYWMiOiIwOTczMGQzYjZlYTVjZDBlZjFkMWUxNjI4NTc2YzY4MmJjOGQxNDIxZTc3YWMwZGQ1YzE2MGM3NjhiODkxMjQ2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 15:14:32 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJUMEdSUTlHT004TTFuZVJQS3ljd3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSmhGSzFCZ3JLZE5XK3B1K041SFRoaHNBM3dNTmNVek9WWEFialRTVVIxT0dsMXFldEw3VHdTL1FQWGpZZGV6MFlualVIU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Iitmd3Nkd3BFRDI0UzRiS1hCaXlrR2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmduMzdXQzJId3FYOG9HYnp6R2ZLaWs2anAzQThQekRSUFh3aDdtQ1ZQWmhqZlE5eVNmbTJ5U3hOdkN3NjEyTFc5emRkNTlza0VWbUo3U0ZlS1JxYWhWQnM3ZDhJU2NmZTU1YzR2VGhZLzZaSUN5d090QXZuOEZlSHBWdFdIcS8iLCJtYWMiOiJjZTM4N2Y1YjhmZTUxNjUwMjk5ZTEyM2ExMmYwMjZjOTI4YTg1ODZmYTAyYWIxMTZiZDVjOTRlOGQ0Mzk0MTNmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Iitmd3Nkd3BFRDI0UzRiS1hCaXlrR2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmduMzdXQzJId3FYOG9HYnp6R2ZLaWs2anAzQThQekRSUFh3aDdtQ1ZQWmhqZlE5eVNmbTJ5U3h" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJUMEdSUTlHT004TTFuZVJQS3ljd3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSmhGSzFCZ3JLZE5XK3B1K041SFRoaHNBM3dNTmNVek9WWEFialRTVVIxT0dsMXFldEw3VHdTL1FQWGpZZGV6MFlualVIUVFYNm50WS9UOTBjYmhtMUVQRytXR3NlZzVpbzJNSWNDZXlBb2lPWFlHaDE2d2pTblY0TmdLZGNQNW4iLCJtYWMiOiIwOTczMGQzYjZlYTVjZDBlZjFkMWUxNjI4NTc2YzY4MmJjOGQxNDIxZTc3YWMwZGQ1YzE2MGM3NjhiODkxMjQ2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 15:14:32 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJUMEdSUTlHT004TTFuZVJQS3ljd3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSmhGSzFCZ3JLZE5XK3B1K041SFRoaHNBM3dNTmNVek9WWEFialRTVVIxT0dsMXFldEw3VHdTL1FQWGpZZGV6MFlualVIU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Iitmd3Nkd3BFRDI0UzRiS1hCaXlrR2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmduMzdXQzJId3FYOG9HYnp6R2ZLaWs2anAzQThQekRSUFh3aDdtQ1ZQWmhqZlE5eVNmbTJ5U3hOdkN3NjEyTFc5emRkNTlza0VWbUo3U0ZlS1JxYWhWQnM3ZDhJU2NmZTU1YzR2VGhZLzZaSUN5d090QXZuOEZlSHBWdFdIcS8iLCJtYWMiOiJjZTM4N2Y1YjhmZTUxNjUwMjk5ZTEyM2ExMmYwMjZjOTI4YTg1ODZmYTAyYWIxMTZiZDVjOTRlOGQ0Mzk0MTNmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Iitmd3Nkd3BFRDI0UzRiS1hCaXlrR2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmduMzdXQzJId3FYOG9HYnp6R2ZLaWs2anAzQThQekRSUFh3aDdtQ1ZQWmhqZlE5eVNmbTJ5U3h" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "9PYT40EwaFn6mLxMlhbnDLqOQczVaOhk9oB2HJyE" "uc_cart_id" => "1033f3511e84b80f1a660c5b7f3aa8f3" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/23153" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:14:32GET/chapter/23153112192