Abstract
This chapter covers the basic concepts of inferential statistics and hypothesis testing. The section commences with an explanation of the confidence intervals for the population mean and population standard deviation. Also discussed
are the concepts of cut-off, Type I and Type II errors, false positives, and false negatives. We investigate performance metrics including sensitivity, specificity, true
positive rate, and true negative rate. In addition, receiver operating characteristic
(ROC) curves are introduced and their usefulness in assessing test performance is
emphasized. In addition, binomial and normal distribution tests are discussed. This
chapter provides a solid foundation for comprehending the principles and practical applications of inferential statistics in decision-making and the interpretation of
scientific results.