The Production of Biodiesel and Related Fuel Additives

Waste-Derived Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Author(s): Joseph V.L. Ruatpuia, Gopinath Halder and Samuel L. Rokhum * .

Pp: 340-370 (31)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815196740124060013

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Due to its eco-friendly and renewable characteristics, biodiesel has become a promising alternative to energy sources. However, the issue associated with traditional biodiesel production is the expensive production cost on the industrial scale, which is primarily caused by raw materials. Thus, the catalyst plays a crucial role with the objective to speed up the overall biodiesel production rate and lower the production cost. Recently, numerous studies on different kinds of catalysts used in the production of biodiesel have been carried out. Therefore, this chapter offers a detailed overview of biodiesel production by analyzing the latest trends that utilize biomass waste-derived catalysts. 

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      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
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      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      320μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
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      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      350μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
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      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 222027364 and j.to_ip >=222027364 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847305 and j.to_date >= 1739847305 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22615) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 222027364 and j.to_ip >=222027364 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847305 and j.to_date >= 1739847305 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22615) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 222027364 and j.to_ip >=222027364 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847305 and j.to_date >= 1739847305 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22615)
      710μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3725 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847305 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847305 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.08msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3725
      • 3: 1739847305
      • 4: 1739847305
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='992e0a541264bf3b822496ccdfbee7ef'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        gDJvIW7cuOyBZ4a3zMubkQo8PKcOiurnxrV8YrOl
        uc_cart_id
        992e0a541264bf3b822496ccdfbee7ef
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/22615" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/22615
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 02:55:05 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImxtQnM1alUzOHFScmVONDhJL0Mya3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ2NJSzdrNEpWRFBhK1dFcE9mTzc5d0YrMjg3NFhvRzZwL3BQSVJlK1FOWnQrbEV6OEk4dUs2U0F1TzhBaHNJWGZTVjZrYThxQSszOG9qWUg3dzFVQTdIVU9jSmlQYlI1VkQ0Z2wzcktXY0E4Sk9PWTRKaVVJMmhNeVFoQ2xEZksiLCJtYWMiOiI4ZjJkZjQ1N2E5MTNhYTdhMDNiZDI2OTYwYWE3ZTdhMGNkN2NhZjM4ZGM5YTdlZjcxNDc1MjQ1ZmZjZWFkMmNjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 14:55:05 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImxtQnM1alUzOHFScmVONDhJL0Mya3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ2NJSzdrNEpWRFBhK1dFcE9mTzc5d0YrMjg3NFhvRzZwL3BQSVJlK1FOWnQrbEV6OEk4dUs2U0F1TzhBaHNJWGZTVjZrY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InRzRzBadlQ0SHlncmJYQlNKTmR1NGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidHlrYkxDdXU0RHI3TnV0azBjcVBQZGNvYUlERXZONWdOM1ZQblVjL0dzNGlwbW5NUXNGR2FaMEMrRnJ6VTV6U0ptVnlWRWpWL0xjSVAyNjBsSXR1TDFkelF0VTlLNndqRmhLbXlNb1dQR2E5czVxOHlaQXRLM0xQTy9OVTlkcTIiLCJtYWMiOiI0ZWYxZGIyZTBiZTRkYTEzYWQ3YWE0OGE4ZmE1NDNjZDY1MjNkOWRkYmM1MDVkOWNmMTBiN2NkMGJmYjMwMjA4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InRzRzBadlQ0SHlncmJYQlNKTmR1NGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidHlrYkxDdXU0RHI3TnV0azBjcVBQZGNvYUlERXZONWdOM1ZQblVjL0dzNGlwbW5NUXNGR2FaMEM" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImxtQnM1alUzOHFScmVONDhJL0Mya3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ2NJSzdrNEpWRFBhK1dFcE9mTzc5d0YrMjg3NFhvRzZwL3BQSVJlK1FOWnQrbEV6OEk4dUs2U0F1TzhBaHNJWGZTVjZrYThxQSszOG9qWUg3dzFVQTdIVU9jSmlQYlI1VkQ0Z2wzcktXY0E4Sk9PWTRKaVVJMmhNeVFoQ2xEZksiLCJtYWMiOiI4ZjJkZjQ1N2E5MTNhYTdhMDNiZDI2OTYwYWE3ZTdhMGNkN2NhZjM4ZGM5YTdlZjcxNDc1MjQ1ZmZjZWFkMmNjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 14:55:05 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImxtQnM1alUzOHFScmVONDhJL0Mya3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ2NJSzdrNEpWRFBhK1dFcE9mTzc5d0YrMjg3NFhvRzZwL3BQSVJlK1FOWnQrbEV6OEk4dUs2U0F1TzhBaHNJWGZTVjZrY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InRzRzBadlQ0SHlncmJYQlNKTmR1NGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidHlrYkxDdXU0RHI3TnV0azBjcVBQZGNvYUlERXZONWdOM1ZQblVjL0dzNGlwbW5NUXNGR2FaMEMrRnJ6VTV6U0ptVnlWRWpWL0xjSVAyNjBsSXR1TDFkelF0VTlLNndqRmhLbXlNb1dQR2E5czVxOHlaQXRLM0xQTy9OVTlkcTIiLCJtYWMiOiI0ZWYxZGIyZTBiZTRkYTEzYWQ3YWE0OGE4ZmE1NDNjZDY1MjNkOWRkYmM1MDVkOWNmMTBiN2NkMGJmYjMwMjA4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InRzRzBadlQ0SHlncmJYQlNKTmR1NGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidHlrYkxDdXU0RHI3TnV0azBjcVBQZGNvYUlERXZONWdOM1ZQblVjL0dzNGlwbW5NUXNGR2FaMEM" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "gDJvIW7cuOyBZ4a3zMubkQo8PKcOiurnxrV8YrOl" "uc_cart_id" => "992e0a541264bf3b822496ccdfbee7ef" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/22615" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 02:55:05GET/chapter/22615112192