The Production of Biodiesel and Related Fuel Additives

Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel - A Review

Author(s): Shilpa Pande* and Shekhar Gahane

Pp: 308-339 (32)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815196740124060012

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The phrase “Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil” refers to a broad wide range of unconventional fuels generated from different kinds of oils and fats. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) defines biodiesel as “monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids,” which can be produced by the transesterification of vegetable oil, animal fat, or recycled cooking oil. The key factor leading to fossil fuel reserves being depleted is the increasing demand for these resources. Increasing the development of biomass fuels like biodiesel might help get us out of this jam. Oil molecules are reacted with alcohol and a catalyst to produce methyl esters in the transesterification process during biodiesel production from cooking oil. In Colombia, palm oil and methanol are used to produce biodiesel and it shares the second place with Colombia as Latin America's top ethanol producer.

Waste cooking oil disposal causes several environmental issues. In addition, sewer overflows and the subsequent spread of illness might be the consequence of years of pipe wear and tear. As a renewable and biodegradable biofuel, biodiesel has the potential to reduce environmental damage by displacing the need for fossil fuels. Palm biodiesel, either on its own or blended with diesel fuel, is effective in lowering carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, respectively.

This chapter discusses the transesterification process as a method of creating biodiesel. It consists of three sequential and reversible reactions. It begins with a conversion from triglyceride to diacylglycerol, then continues to monoglyceride and glycerin. In particular, this chapter provides an in-depth analysis of several cooking oils, including their salient qualities and the most common pests. Most biodiesel originates from oilseed plants, such as palm, rapeseed, canola, sunflower, soy, and animal fats. The creation of biodiesel, however, may utilize anything that includes triglycerides. Used oil from the kitchen may be recycled into biodiesel at a low cost.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 222027364 and j.to_ip >=222027364 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847308 and j.to_date >= 1739847308 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22614) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 222027364 and j.to_ip >=222027364 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847308 and j.to_date >= 1739847308 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22614) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 222027364 and j.to_ip >=222027364 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847308 and j.to_date >= 1739847308 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22614)
      590μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3725 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847308 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847308 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.03msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3725
      • 3: 1739847308
      • 4: 1739847308
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='0c4511bad1fa1fcb6cf1dd90e1e7df86'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        e9ehcITeOPXZPUxWmjkHgnwBxXOCVWDfHgQ0NNM9
        uc_cart_id
        0c4511bad1fa1fcb6cf1dd90e1e7df86
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/22614" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/22614
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 02:55:08 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjlFdDlmcEZHcnZJcmpwWDB4dkpVV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidDJWWkNyQXRRb3R5MlgzQUtVTEJPMHFtaW5VNytRMWhiRWRRcVY3TC9VbW15cXQxYTBZa0JDVmlzcFVWS293bTExUzRMUUxpZ3d5alpYakhqeU5WcnV5V0llZ1NKdGljOUQza3RKbWNEU1F4aHZRQ1k4aHRVNHhlSnBPSTNNOFEiLCJtYWMiOiJmNTMwNTc3MzYzNjY4Y2Q4ZmY4ZTYzNTM4NzM1NzNiYWEzNDBmYjUyNTY4NGU4MzEwMGZhOTE5NzY1ZjZkZDgzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 14:55:08 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjlFdDlmcEZHcnZJcmpwWDB4dkpVV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidDJWWkNyQXRRb3R5MlgzQUtVTEJPMHFtaW5VNytRMWhiRWRRcVY3TC9VbW15cXQxYTBZa0JDVmlzcFVWS293bTExUzRMU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImZxYTZKbW5CcHVVZExkSHFRYU9RdlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiblluVnFhajIrUDdhZ3JjT25sKzRDZjNjL0pkSktnTUdPRDdQTWQwNzh5YmY3Z1N2dy9TMnlMd0NoTDRoemVBUy9aU09BeU9zRk9IUU5aY0pCU1NqamRQTjQ2SWsxRFNHTTdJbFF2V3h0cldIZFlkVnpxUDA1NVZwbzBrUlBsVlMiLCJtYWMiOiJmMmQzMTE0MTdlNDEyNGNmZWI2NTFlZWY4YzBhNmIzNGEzNTY1NWVjN2Q0ODUxYTQzMjRlMzBkNzRlNzBlYzE4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImZxYTZKbW5CcHVVZExkSHFRYU9RdlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiblluVnFhajIrUDdhZ3JjT25sKzRDZjNjL0pkSktnTUdPRDdQTWQwNzh5YmY3Z1N2dy9TMnlMd0N" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjlFdDlmcEZHcnZJcmpwWDB4dkpVV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidDJWWkNyQXRRb3R5MlgzQUtVTEJPMHFtaW5VNytRMWhiRWRRcVY3TC9VbW15cXQxYTBZa0JDVmlzcFVWS293bTExUzRMUUxpZ3d5alpYakhqeU5WcnV5V0llZ1NKdGljOUQza3RKbWNEU1F4aHZRQ1k4aHRVNHhlSnBPSTNNOFEiLCJtYWMiOiJmNTMwNTc3MzYzNjY4Y2Q4ZmY4ZTYzNTM4NzM1NzNiYWEzNDBmYjUyNTY4NGU4MzEwMGZhOTE5NzY1ZjZkZDgzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 14:55:08 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjlFdDlmcEZHcnZJcmpwWDB4dkpVV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidDJWWkNyQXRRb3R5MlgzQUtVTEJPMHFtaW5VNytRMWhiRWRRcVY3TC9VbW15cXQxYTBZa0JDVmlzcFVWS293bTExUzRMU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImZxYTZKbW5CcHVVZExkSHFRYU9RdlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiblluVnFhajIrUDdhZ3JjT25sKzRDZjNjL0pkSktnTUdPRDdQTWQwNzh5YmY3Z1N2dy9TMnlMd0NoTDRoemVBUy9aU09BeU9zRk9IUU5aY0pCU1NqamRQTjQ2SWsxRFNHTTdJbFF2V3h0cldIZFlkVnpxUDA1NVZwbzBrUlBsVlMiLCJtYWMiOiJmMmQzMTE0MTdlNDEyNGNmZWI2NTFlZWY4YzBhNmIzNGEzNTY1NWVjN2Q0ODUxYTQzMjRlMzBkNzRlNzBlYzE4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImZxYTZKbW5CcHVVZExkSHFRYU9RdlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiblluVnFhajIrUDdhZ3JjT25sKzRDZjNjL0pkSktnTUdPRDdQTWQwNzh5YmY3Z1N2dy9TMnlMd0N" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "e9ehcITeOPXZPUxWmjkHgnwBxXOCVWDfHgQ0NNM9" "uc_cart_id" => "0c4511bad1fa1fcb6cf1dd90e1e7df86" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/22614" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 02:55:08GET/chapter/22614112192