The Production of Biodiesel and Related Fuel Additives

Recent Advancements in Catalytic Thermochemical Conversions of Biomass into Biofuels: A Comprehensive Review

Author(s): Shubhajit Halder*, Doyel Bhattacharya and Ashish Kumar Jha

Pp: 154-177 (24)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815196740124060007

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The expeditious increase in population has led to prioritizing the use of biological sources as biofuels. The biofuels have been converted into different fuels by the virtue of green and sustainable approach. Other than the conventional sources of raw materials, specialized energy crops, some varieties of algae, seaweed and microalgae have been reported to be potential sources of biofuels. In recent years, various methods of conversion of organic matter into biofuels have been reported. High energy investment along with the added cost of solvent or catalyst is included in the thermochemical methods. Meanwhile, the biochemical route suffers from the drawbacks of lengthy cycle period and comparatively reduced efficiency in the bulk breakdown of the recalcitrant biomass. Hydrothermal routes have been employed to improve the overall efficiency of the biochemical process. The integration of thermochemical and biochemical routes also may lead to inhibition of microorganisms by the catalysts or mediated solvents. This review paper focuses on the recent catalytic methods for the conversion of biomass into biofuels namely biodiesel along with the pros and cons of the methods. 

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316596746 and j.to_ip >=316596746 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848401 and j.to_date >= 1739848401 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22609) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316596746 and j.to_ip >=316596746 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848401 and j.to_date >= 1739848401 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22609) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316596746 and j.to_ip >=316596746 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848401 and j.to_date >= 1739848401 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22609)
      640μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3725 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739848401 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739848401 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.07msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3725
      • 3: 1739848401
      • 4: 1739848401
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='0369ac6316063ace26d2fee9e3a362f4'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        3msWboOd8h82kg9fheLJT53939FpiiHl6rs0JUz7
        uc_cart_id
        0369ac6316063ace26d2fee9e3a362f4
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/22609" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/22609
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 03:13:21 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjR6NXNUM0wrWUFXU1pSOU5XS00rdlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicXJsRm44RHJiNm9wbFlJcW9GdFFjOVRjdDVpQUZHcWRVcXp6aE1TTGhNTzRKdGZJMHUrYk56QjRuSG42MGxaRDZ4dzFwRmhpSFpFeDBzMGtGRXFZSUlLWnhEN3FiMFM1WEU3WXdVbjV3YllicU45TXlZVWZkVkxXVHBJRFJ5R04iLCJtYWMiOiJiN2UzYjY3M2UzYTg0MDY5NDk1OTZmZmMyYjFiODRlODU5ZDE5YzA4NTUzOGE1NGY1MWNmZmU1NGUwODY3OWNhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 15:13:21 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjR6NXNUM0wrWUFXU1pSOU5XS00rdlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicXJsRm44RHJiNm9wbFlJcW9GdFFjOVRjdDVpQUZHcWRVcXp6aE1TTGhNTzRKdGZJMHUrYk56QjRuSG42MGxaRDZ4dzFwR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IncwNmRBRkNZZEcyZlVRUVV1WXdIZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWFIxc3BZZCtUR0txRGxzdldJbHd1N0crLzhrK1lmQmRPTzE4UW1YVXpHOWl5NWlxME5JTFZXU2Q5WjF1RE5WTUxTeHRCOWFFU1gyclg4SzdyMzQwdytIdWs2dDdXa2JlQ0xPUURUcTFlOTNkZ3hOUEY1OHB6bnh2a1BJTVQ3clUiLCJtYWMiOiI3Y2E4YmY0MjIwZDVmMThjNDU4YjQ5ZDk5OWVjNDkzZjQ2ZmRlOTI1NDE5OWE5ZmVkODRmZjg4MTM1YzgxNmE0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IncwNmRBRkNZZEcyZlVRUVV1WXdIZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWFIxc3BZZCtUR0txRGxzdldJbHd1N0crLzhrK1lmQmRPTzE4UW1YVXpHOWl5NWlxME5JTFZXU2Q" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjR6NXNUM0wrWUFXU1pSOU5XS00rdlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicXJsRm44RHJiNm9wbFlJcW9GdFFjOVRjdDVpQUZHcWRVcXp6aE1TTGhNTzRKdGZJMHUrYk56QjRuSG42MGxaRDZ4dzFwRmhpSFpFeDBzMGtGRXFZSUlLWnhEN3FiMFM1WEU3WXdVbjV3YllicU45TXlZVWZkVkxXVHBJRFJ5R04iLCJtYWMiOiJiN2UzYjY3M2UzYTg0MDY5NDk1OTZmZmMyYjFiODRlODU5ZDE5YzA4NTUzOGE1NGY1MWNmZmU1NGUwODY3OWNhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 15:13:21 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjR6NXNUM0wrWUFXU1pSOU5XS00rdlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicXJsRm44RHJiNm9wbFlJcW9GdFFjOVRjdDVpQUZHcWRVcXp6aE1TTGhNTzRKdGZJMHUrYk56QjRuSG42MGxaRDZ4dzFwR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IncwNmRBRkNZZEcyZlVRUVV1WXdIZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWFIxc3BZZCtUR0txRGxzdldJbHd1N0crLzhrK1lmQmRPTzE4UW1YVXpHOWl5NWlxME5JTFZXU2Q5WjF1RE5WTUxTeHRCOWFFU1gyclg4SzdyMzQwdytIdWs2dDdXa2JlQ0xPUURUcTFlOTNkZ3hOUEY1OHB6bnh2a1BJTVQ3clUiLCJtYWMiOiI3Y2E4YmY0MjIwZDVmMThjNDU4YjQ5ZDk5OWVjNDkzZjQ2ZmRlOTI1NDE5OWE5ZmVkODRmZjg4MTM1YzgxNmE0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IncwNmRBRkNZZEcyZlVRUVV1WXdIZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWFIxc3BZZCtUR0txRGxzdldJbHd1N0crLzhrK1lmQmRPTzE4UW1YVXpHOWl5NWlxME5JTFZXU2Q" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "3msWboOd8h82kg9fheLJT53939FpiiHl6rs0JUz7" "uc_cart_id" => "0369ac6316063ace26d2fee9e3a362f4" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/22609" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:13:21GET/chapter/22609112192