The Production of Biodiesel and Related Fuel Additives

Biodiesel and Related Fuel Additives: A Brief History

Author(s): Supongsenla Ao and Samuel L. Rokhum * .

Pp: 1-28 (28)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815196740124060003

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The discovery of the diesel engine by Rudolf Diesel in the mid-19th century is where the origin of what finally came to be known as “biodiesel” lies. Since then, numerous approaches have been suggested to utilize pure or blended, straight vegetable oils or their derivatives for the production of biodiesel. The availability and viability of biodiesel, as well as its relevance, history, technical properties, and prospective replacement for diesel fuel in internal combustion engines including various types of biodiesel fuel additives, are all discussed in this chapter.

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      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59769557 and j.to_ip >=59769557 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847593 and j.to_date >= 1739847593 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22605) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59769557 and j.to_ip >=59769557 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847593 and j.to_date >= 1739847593 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22605) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59769557 and j.to_ip >=59769557 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847593 and j.to_date >= 1739847593 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22605)
      580μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3725 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847593 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847593 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.17msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3725
      • 3: 1739847593
      • 4: 1739847593
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='d03c0377cc1ca46c26d7b4dd6ce6e8d6'
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        wEYhkNTFeMsFIUu4qii0PDDZDoSlCyiPWILjHkDn
        uc_cart_id
        d03c0377cc1ca46c26d7b4dd6ce6e8d6
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/22605" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/22605
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 02:59:53 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkNmbkZtcDFRNGtrcHdaL3ErV3VhT2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieU82ZktHbDZJMnhiQitxQjYwbERDaW01R0QydDZnSzdGQlpOV2FxbTlXRTlSQ1BweFMyRjFaUE03KzFzaC9vWFppekQ2UUl1WG1oS2R1ZHhvMHJwU2JWOFdqaStvd21rcHIyU0U0U1lQZXBacm4wdk9aY09pWEJnSCtCbVZrSWQiLCJtYWMiOiJmMmQ5YjU2NGUxODFkZTc2NzdmM2JkODk3NzQ0ODFjOTk0NjYwZjYxMDZlNmRjYjdiMzVmNDkzNDg4YWUyY2FmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 14:59:53 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkNmbkZtcDFRNGtrcHdaL3ErV3VhT2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieU82ZktHbDZJMnhiQitxQjYwbERDaW01R0QydDZnSzdGQlpOV2FxbTlXRTlSQ1BweFMyRjFaUE03KzFzaC9vWFppekQ2U" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImE1RG1kRktuQ1pMWHc0NDY5RytLa0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiakp4aG9NMEpEQWtFTk5sRDFTT2FqWm5FOE5iQ0diTElNNk5SQWNoMDRmYW55UU8rWG9KQVppZndieSsyMS9Rc3hXdzhIRjlCampkVzZEZXkzNEovMGhJYkVRMDduRG9CYUYyRHhRYVlXeXRkcmhiSWJuaDVWRy95RzFkVVFJRk0iLCJtYWMiOiJiYmY1ZDc3M2QxZDM1YWMwOGRmOGU2YzZmOTcwNzllNDVmZmFmMDA5YTZmMWRiZjViNWEzMzQyYWM3NjA0NDMyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImE1RG1kRktuQ1pMWHc0NDY5RytLa0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiakp4aG9NMEpEQWtFTk5sRDFTT2FqWm5FOE5iQ0diTElNNk5SQWNoMDRmYW55UU8rWG9KQVppZnd" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkNmbkZtcDFRNGtrcHdaL3ErV3VhT2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieU82ZktHbDZJMnhiQitxQjYwbERDaW01R0QydDZnSzdGQlpOV2FxbTlXRTlSQ1BweFMyRjFaUE03KzFzaC9vWFppekQ2UUl1WG1oS2R1ZHhvMHJwU2JWOFdqaStvd21rcHIyU0U0U1lQZXBacm4wdk9aY09pWEJnSCtCbVZrSWQiLCJtYWMiOiJmMmQ5YjU2NGUxODFkZTc2NzdmM2JkODk3NzQ0ODFjOTk0NjYwZjYxMDZlNmRjYjdiMzVmNDkzNDg4YWUyY2FmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 14:59:53 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkNmbkZtcDFRNGtrcHdaL3ErV3VhT2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieU82ZktHbDZJMnhiQitxQjYwbERDaW01R0QydDZnSzdGQlpOV2FxbTlXRTlSQ1BweFMyRjFaUE03KzFzaC9vWFppekQ2U" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImE1RG1kRktuQ1pMWHc0NDY5RytLa0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiakp4aG9NMEpEQWtFTk5sRDFTT2FqWm5FOE5iQ0diTElNNk5SQWNoMDRmYW55UU8rWG9KQVppZndieSsyMS9Rc3hXdzhIRjlCampkVzZEZXkzNEovMGhJYkVRMDduRG9CYUYyRHhRYVlXeXRkcmhiSWJuaDVWRy95RzFkVVFJRk0iLCJtYWMiOiJiYmY1ZDc3M2QxZDM1YWMwOGRmOGU2YzZmOTcwNzllNDVmZmFmMDA5YTZmMWRiZjViNWEzMzQyYWM3NjA0NDMyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImE1RG1kRktuQ1pMWHc0NDY5RytLa0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiakp4aG9NMEpEQWtFTk5sRDFTT2FqWm5FOE5iQ0diTElNNk5SQWNoMDRmYW55UU8rWG9KQVppZnd" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "wEYhkNTFeMsFIUu4qii0PDDZDoSlCyiPWILjHkDn" "uc_cart_id" => "d03c0377cc1ca46c26d7b4dd6ce6e8d6" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/22605" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 02:59:53GET/chapter/22605112192