Drug Addiction Mechanisms in the Brain

MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine)

Author(s): Jayalakshmi Krishnan * .

Pp: 14-21 (8)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815223828124010004

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) is a synthetic drug very similar to hallucinogens and stimulants. This drug is also called ecstasy or molly. It produces feelings of pleasure, warmth, distorted sensory time and perception. MDMA increases the activity of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. It causes various health effects such as nausea, sweating, chills, muscle cramping, etc. The effect of this drug can be seen in 3 to 5 hours in the body. A spike in body temperature can be seen in MDMA users that can be fatal as it affects the liver, kidney, and heart leading to death. Addiction to MDMA is not yet proven, however, withdrawal symptoms such as fatigue and depression are noted. MDMA is usually taken via the mouth or snorting in the form of tablets or capsules. This drug is also taken or abused along with other drugs such as LSD, alcohol, and marijuana. MDMA is a scheduled drug with no proven medical use. MDMA causes a surge of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain to regulate mood, learning, memory, stress, anxiety, etc. This chapter discusses the effects of MDMA on the human brain.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59799503 and j.to_ip >=59799503 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740423701 and j.to_date >= 1740423701 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22004) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59799503 and j.to_ip >=59799503 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740423701 and j.to_date >= 1740423701 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22004) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59799503 and j.to_ip >=59799503 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740423701 and j.to_date >= 1740423701 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22004)
      590μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3692 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740423701 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740423701 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.14msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3692
      • 3: 1740423701
      • 4: 1740423701
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='23d88472d303ae31f92ae64f7ed519d8'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        6oZKIxrYysmPYI6Rb9iWYW6jYXwPp95FIHoKYTuU
        uc_cart_id
        23d88472d303ae31f92ae64f7ed519d8
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/22004" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/22004
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:8 [ "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "keep-alive" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 24 Feb 2025 19:01:41 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkdJUW94WnJsVERLc0JpTmc5Y2J2QWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZDlOTmVvRm0wekhuZVJCWE9sSmQwbDVuTXVhUEZqZHhiVzBxSTZWRVdjSXpLem92ekRqK2hhU05XOVdvY3RVdkVHSmFEcWhOSytrdFNWUmxkc2ZWUHBRWERGSFh6NUpybnhqbjRwZkpqTWF1RERESi8wYlV3QTZSSXJMVk1LZ3kiLCJtYWMiOiJhNDY3YzE2NTIzOWNhMmFhMGJiNTc1MDAyZmIzYjE4ODA0NTk4ZWQxNzhiNDQyYWJlMGFhNzkwZmMxYWQ2MTRjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 07:01:41 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkdJUW94WnJsVERLc0JpTmc5Y2J2QWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZDlOTmVvRm0wekhuZVJCWE9sSmQwbDVuTXVhUEZqZHhiVzBxSTZWRVdjSXpLem92ekRqK2hhU05XOVdvY3RVdkVHSmFEc" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InhkeHlzWTliMVgyYWVYemNvbkE5VVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicDNGWlFuNms4MkgvMVh5SEZLNWpyOU0xMVhsZ3N5dzMwSlB5TTM3OGM4dmp5cC9TZ2hZMGlma1VoeXliNXBUb0RZeUMyRHNQalo4L2t0cHFPUHJvN0tsdDd4SWJrdCtUOGtoVlVTcS9LU3RYdHNYWHBqL2ROQW5wY2dqNnR3TWMiLCJtYWMiOiI2ODJkMDNhZTU0NTVkM2QxNDdhMzU1YzEyZmRmMTg4ZTc2MGVlOWJjOTM2MjcyN2MxYWRjNzk0OWViYjE2OGFkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InhkeHlzWTliMVgyYWVYemNvbkE5VVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicDNGWlFuNms4MkgvMVh5SEZLNWpyOU0xMVhsZ3N5dzMwSlB5TTM3OGM4dmp5cC9TZ2hZMGlma1V" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkdJUW94WnJsVERLc0JpTmc5Y2J2QWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZDlOTmVvRm0wekhuZVJCWE9sSmQwbDVuTXVhUEZqZHhiVzBxSTZWRVdjSXpLem92ekRqK2hhU05XOVdvY3RVdkVHSmFEcWhOSytrdFNWUmxkc2ZWUHBRWERGSFh6NUpybnhqbjRwZkpqTWF1RERESi8wYlV3QTZSSXJMVk1LZ3kiLCJtYWMiOiJhNDY3YzE2NTIzOWNhMmFhMGJiNTc1MDAyZmIzYjE4ODA0NTk4ZWQxNzhiNDQyYWJlMGFhNzkwZmMxYWQ2MTRjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 07:01:41 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkdJUW94WnJsVERLc0JpTmc5Y2J2QWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZDlOTmVvRm0wekhuZVJCWE9sSmQwbDVuTXVhUEZqZHhiVzBxSTZWRVdjSXpLem92ekRqK2hhU05XOVdvY3RVdkVHSmFEc" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InhkeHlzWTliMVgyYWVYemNvbkE5VVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicDNGWlFuNms4MkgvMVh5SEZLNWpyOU0xMVhsZ3N5dzMwSlB5TTM3OGM4dmp5cC9TZ2hZMGlma1VoeXliNXBUb0RZeUMyRHNQalo4L2t0cHFPUHJvN0tsdDd4SWJrdCtUOGtoVlVTcS9LU3RYdHNYWHBqL2ROQW5wY2dqNnR3TWMiLCJtYWMiOiI2ODJkMDNhZTU0NTVkM2QxNDdhMzU1YzEyZmRmMTg4ZTc2MGVlOWJjOTM2MjcyN2MxYWRjNzk0OWViYjE2OGFkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InhkeHlzWTliMVgyYWVYemNvbkE5VVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicDNGWlFuNms4MkgvMVh5SEZLNWpyOU0xMVhsZ3N5dzMwSlB5TTM3OGM4dmp5cC9TZ2hZMGlma1V" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "6oZKIxrYysmPYI6Rb9iWYW6jYXwPp95FIHoKYTuU" "uc_cart_id" => "23d88472d303ae31f92ae64f7ed519d8" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/22004" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-24 19:01:41GET/chapter/22004112192