Drug Addiction Mechanisms in the Brain

Cocaine and its Effects on the Brain

Author(s): Jayalakshmi Krishnan * .

Pp: 1-9 (9)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815223828124010002

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Brain’s limbic system is the target site of action of cocaine. This area of the brain is involved in pleasure and motivation. Cocaine causes the dopamine build-up in the synapses by creating a feeling of being “high”. Cocaine induces action by binding to the dopamine transporter, which transports excess dopamine back to the presynaptic neuron. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) of the limbic system is the primary target of cocaine action. Cocaine also alters gene expression in the limbic system by altering dopamine transporters or dopamine receptors. Cocaine causes auditory hallucinations, restlessness, paranoia, and psychosis. This chapter reviews the impact of cocaine on the brain. 

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      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316498996 and j.to_ip >=316498996 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740775698 and j.to_date >= 1740775698 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22002) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316498996 and j.to_ip >=316498996 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740775698 and j.to_date >= 1740775698 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22002) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316498996 and j.to_ip >=316498996 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740775698 and j.to_date >= 1740775698 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 22002)
      990μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3692 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740775698 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740775698 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.49msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3692
      • 3: 1740775698
      • 4: 1740775698
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='13b5e3ec4a68dacf421556f77f91ce94'
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:291
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        S7iZne6XSeNWoWugccCPaIQbyMw0RGEncm5zJFuF
        uc_cart_id
        13b5e3ec4a68dacf421556f77f91ce94
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/22002" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/22002
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Fri, 28 Feb 2025 20:48:18 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlBidklzaVBTd29nR1hyazBYY1hYYmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ1lnOHZib00vRnVudHdzODZVSkxJMEgrbVlBZUFZY25lLzFibEwySFdINlZHKzlWekpRdmhmYkZJREVuKy80SDY3amd0dC9PQm5pejd2RzAydFlzdmUwRnBKVUZDVjEwY1ZiMUhHMlkrTk9Sa3BKS0w4YVlaTHNLWkVZWnNmaVUiLCJtYWMiOiI3YTU3NTQ5ODZjMzFjOWMxYmNjNjBlMDY4ZTEzMDEwMTg2NjUzYWMyNTAzZWI5YjI1MTk5MGM5MDQ2OTRlM2Q3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Mon, 03 Mar 2025 08:48:18 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlBidklzaVBTd29nR1hyazBYY1hYYmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ1lnOHZib00vRnVudHdzODZVSkxJMEgrbVlBZUFZY25lLzFibEwySFdINlZHKzlWekpRdmhmYkZJREVuKy80SDY3amd0d" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllFZ0FzblQ0ZlQvVUFYYitJZVQvK1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMEQ2WGg2amhMUE01MjQ2RGtnRHZoZVV2MVZLWmQ3TWtVdTMwdnBsSUswQ3N2N1M1Z3I4dWRxTVNlNHJYcTFLdm5IcGVyUnFIdk9jUWJtdFQwRmFzbnFrZ0NJaTFoZjJVUStYU2VJRmVZNkQrMnpJdW5USDZ5ZFlEcjdybE91enMiLCJtYWMiOiIxNzdmYmQxMTFiMjk4ZTViNzRlZWZlZWJjZjg2OGJhYzdhYjFjMzgwYWNjYjZmNmQyNWEyYTI4ODQ1Njk4N2JlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllFZ0FzblQ0ZlQvVUFYYitJZVQvK1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMEQ2WGg2amhMUE01MjQ2RGtnRHZoZVV2MVZLWmQ3TWtVdTMwdnBsSUswQ3N2N1M1Z3I4dWRxTVN" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlBidklzaVBTd29nR1hyazBYY1hYYmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ1lnOHZib00vRnVudHdzODZVSkxJMEgrbVlBZUFZY25lLzFibEwySFdINlZHKzlWekpRdmhmYkZJREVuKy80SDY3amd0dC9PQm5pejd2RzAydFlzdmUwRnBKVUZDVjEwY1ZiMUhHMlkrTk9Sa3BKS0w4YVlaTHNLWkVZWnNmaVUiLCJtYWMiOiI3YTU3NTQ5ODZjMzFjOWMxYmNjNjBlMDY4ZTEzMDEwMTg2NjUzYWMyNTAzZWI5YjI1MTk5MGM5MDQ2OTRlM2Q3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Mon, 03-Mar-2025 08:48:18 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlBidklzaVBTd29nR1hyazBYY1hYYmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ1lnOHZib00vRnVudHdzODZVSkxJMEgrbVlBZUFZY25lLzFibEwySFdINlZHKzlWekpRdmhmYkZJREVuKy80SDY3amd0d" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllFZ0FzblQ0ZlQvVUFYYitJZVQvK1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMEQ2WGg2amhMUE01MjQ2RGtnRHZoZVV2MVZLWmQ3TWtVdTMwdnBsSUswQ3N2N1M1Z3I4dWRxTVNlNHJYcTFLdm5IcGVyUnFIdk9jUWJtdFQwRmFzbnFrZ0NJaTFoZjJVUStYU2VJRmVZNkQrMnpJdW5USDZ5ZFlEcjdybE91enMiLCJtYWMiOiIxNzdmYmQxMTFiMjk4ZTViNzRlZWZlZWJjZjg2OGJhYzdhYjFjMzgwYWNjYjZmNmQyNWEyYTI4ODQ1Njk4N2JlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllFZ0FzblQ0ZlQvVUFYYitJZVQvK1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMEQ2WGg2amhMUE01MjQ2RGtnRHZoZVV2MVZLWmQ3TWtVdTMwdnBsSUswQ3N2N1M1Z3I4dWRxTVN" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "S7iZne6XSeNWoWugccCPaIQbyMw0RGEncm5zJFuF" "uc_cart_id" => "13b5e3ec4a68dacf421556f77f91ce94" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/22002" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-28 20:48:18GET/chapter/22002112192