Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders

Volume: 12

Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuroinflammation and Neurological Disorders

Author(s): Khadga Raj*, Navneet Arora, Rohit, Anupam Awasthi, Mayank Patel, Ankit Chaudhary, Shamsher Singh and G.D. Gupta

Pp: 80-137 (58)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815179842124120005

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The prevalence of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Multiple sclerosis (MS) are growing in the world, but their pathogenesis is unclear and effective treatment does not exist. Neuroinflammation is associated with many neurodegenerative mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative diseases. The human gut microbiota is an aggregate of microorganisms that live in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that plays a crucial role in maintaining human health and the pathogenesis disease condition. The microbiota can affect neuronal function through neurotransmitters, vitamins, and neuroactive microbial metabolites like shortchain fatty acids. The change in gut microbiota architecture causes increased permeability of the intestine and immune system activation, contributing to systemic inflammation, neurological injury, and eventually neurodegeneration. Available data suggest that the microbiota send signals to the central nervous system (CNS) by activating afferent neurons of the vagus nerve via neuroendocrine and neuroimmune pathways. The molecular interaction between the gut/microbiome and CNS is complex and bidirectional, ensuring gut homeostasis and proper digestion. Evidence suggests that dysfunction of the gut-brain axis could be a significant factor leading to many disorders of CNS. In this chapter, we explore how the gut microbiome may affect brain function and the development of neurological disorders. In addition, we are also trying to highlight the recent advances in improving neurological disease by supplemental probiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation via the concept of the gut-brain axis to combat brain-related dysfunction.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59694094 and j.to_ip >=59694094 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835087 and j.to_date >= 1739835087 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21741) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59694094 and j.to_ip >=59694094 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835087 and j.to_date >= 1739835087 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21741) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59694094 and j.to_ip >=59694094 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835087 and j.to_date >= 1739835087 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21741)
      530μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3677 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739835087 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739835087 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.05msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3677
      • 3: 1739835087
      • 4: 1739835087
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='504537d96723bfa188fa709ec577f21c'
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        On28OutlNcOfAGUtKtLB4CWJhcnXUsPNEae4pUCk
        uc_cart_id
        504537d96723bfa188fa709ec577f21c
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/21741" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/21741
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
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        response_headers
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        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:31:27 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Imlqb0tsam12Rk94YjE0a204KzB3cmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUnlYS3B6SmJPZmdkTzc0U0lQWGpQQ2hxcitqREJlWVRkdVFWU0FRVjVpZmNoNXRhOGloQnd3cG9XZURPUktYdERMdTZKNjlkR3ZLelhkVHFoOEpKVHBEVTNzUHRiRDNGRHUrYUxjbjVRWGV1TE9aU1lRMUEvZVY3NmZKZDBNR0siLCJtYWMiOiI4ZjBlYjdjZGFiNDBiNWJhZTc2YTQ3MDBiYzM1MTJiNzIwMTQ4NmI5N2Q4NDkwODc0YTUyZGI1YWY3ZThhNjA5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:31:27 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Imlqb0tsam12Rk94YjE0a204KzB3cmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUnlYS3B6SmJPZmdkTzc0U0lQWGpQQ2hxcitqREJlWVRkdVFWU0FRVjVpZmNoNXRhOGloQnd3cG9XZURPUktYdERMdTZKN" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InA4WUM0QnI0TlZUMi9ZVzg1c3VySkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ0pHaVVjWjQ2RE04RzRRTEs2cDRZdlRSemJyd0s1VnhmaGhvbHlBWUo0Qk84THc5TmN5bFhtZDZPVUVzdGpEUFhIQzN5ekJybWY2RG5RVTNIVDlCWEYwZTZ3UUIwY214ZDd0dGo4M2dIWGJLTEJwZ2EwblNHMGdzUzlqS2NPSlMiLCJtYWMiOiJlZTBhYjg5MjA3MjdkZDk3NGY5MGFmZWVlMTFjNGFhZTBiNGZhNTdkN2E0YWFhOWM3MThhZGQ3YzRhOTQ3OTFjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InA4WUM0QnI0TlZUMi9ZVzg1c3VySkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ0pHaVVjWjQ2RE04RzRRTEs2cDRZdlRSemJyd0s1VnhmaGhvbHlBWUo0Qk84THc5TmN5bFhtZDZ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Imlqb0tsam12Rk94YjE0a204KzB3cmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUnlYS3B6SmJPZmdkTzc0U0lQWGpQQ2hxcitqREJlWVRkdVFWU0FRVjVpZmNoNXRhOGloQnd3cG9XZURPUktYdERMdTZKNjlkR3ZLelhkVHFoOEpKVHBEVTNzUHRiRDNGRHUrYUxjbjVRWGV1TE9aU1lRMUEvZVY3NmZKZDBNR0siLCJtYWMiOiI4ZjBlYjdjZGFiNDBiNWJhZTc2YTQ3MDBiYzM1MTJiNzIwMTQ4NmI5N2Q4NDkwODc0YTUyZGI1YWY3ZThhNjA5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:31:27 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Imlqb0tsam12Rk94YjE0a204KzB3cmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUnlYS3B6SmJPZmdkTzc0U0lQWGpQQ2hxcitqREJlWVRkdVFWU0FRVjVpZmNoNXRhOGloQnd3cG9XZURPUktYdERMdTZKN" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InA4WUM0QnI0TlZUMi9ZVzg1c3VySkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ0pHaVVjWjQ2RE04RzRRTEs2cDRZdlRSemJyd0s1VnhmaGhvbHlBWUo0Qk84THc5TmN5bFhtZDZPVUVzdGpEUFhIQzN5ekJybWY2RG5RVTNIVDlCWEYwZTZ3UUIwY214ZDd0dGo4M2dIWGJLTEJwZ2EwblNHMGdzUzlqS2NPSlMiLCJtYWMiOiJlZTBhYjg5MjA3MjdkZDk3NGY5MGFmZWVlMTFjNGFhZTBiNGZhNTdkN2E0YWFhOWM3MThhZGQ3YzRhOTQ3OTFjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InA4WUM0QnI0TlZUMi9ZVzg1c3VySkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ0pHaVVjWjQ2RE04RzRRTEs2cDRZdlRSemJyd0s1VnhmaGhvbHlBWUo0Qk84THc5TmN5bFhtZDZ" ] ]
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        array:5 [ "_token" => "On28OutlNcOfAGUtKtLB4CWJhcnXUsPNEae4pUCk" "uc_cart_id" => "504537d96723bfa188fa709ec577f21c" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/21741" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:31:27GET/chapter/21741112192