Medicinal Chemistry of Drugs Affecting Cardiovascular and Endocrine Systems

Diabetes and Antidiabetic Drugs

Author(s): M. O. Faruk Khan * .

Pp: 220-294 (75)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815179729124030009

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

This chapter is a comprehensive account of diabetes and the medicinal chemistry of antidiabetic drugs. It provides the mechanism of disease progression and drug action and detailed structure-activity relationships (SAR) of antidiabetic drugs to give the knowledge base for pharmacists. After studying this chapter, students will be able to:

• Discuss the epidemiology and etiology of diabetes.

• Describe the clinical features of diabetes and differentiate between type I and type II diabetes.

• Discuss various risk factors and corresponding mechanisms responsible for the development of diabetes.

 • Review biosynthesis of insulin, its metabolic outcomes, regulation of insulin secretion, and insulin signaling.

 • Explain in detail the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for the clinical features of diabetes.

• Evaluate the clinical role of natural human insulin and commercially available other insulin products and discuss its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, motor complications, drug interactions, contraindications, and precautions.

• Discuss the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, motor complications, drug interactions, contraindications, and precautions for each class of antidiabetic drugs listed below.

o Sulfonylureas: tolbutamide (Orinase® ), tolazamide (Tolinase® ), chlorpropamide (Diabinese® ), and acetohexamide (Dymelor® ), glyburide (Diabeta® ), glipizide (Glucotrol® ), and glimepiride (Amaryl® ).

o Meglitinides: repaglinide (Prandin® ), nateglinide (Starlix® ).

o Biguanides: metformin (Glucophage® , Glucophage XR).

o Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) agonists/Thiazolidinediones: pioglitazone (Actos® ), rosiglitazone (Avandia® ).

 o Alpha glucosidase inhibitors: acarbose (Precose® ).

o Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists: dulaglutide (Trulicity® ), exenatide (Bydureon® , Byetta® ), liraglutide (Victoza® ), lixisenatide (Adlyxin® ), semalgutide (Ozempic® , Rybelsus® ).

o Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors: alogliptin (Nesina® ), linagliptin (Tradjenta® ), saxagliptin (Onglyza® ), sitagliptin (Januvia® ).

 o Amylin agonist: pramlintide (Symlin® ).

 o Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: empagliflozin (Jardiance® ), canagliflozin (Invokana® ), dapagliflozin (Farxiga® ), ertugliflozin (Steglatro® ).

o Miscellaneous agents.

Related Journals
Related Books
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy
Request history8.2.27PHP Version169msRequest Duration26MBMemory UsageGET chapter/{id}/{param?}Route
  • warninglog[18:06:45] LOG.warning: Optional parameter $id declared before required parameter $request is implic...
  • Booting (90.96ms)time
  • Application (78.17ms)time
  • 1 x Booting (53.78%)
    90.96ms
    1 x Application (46.22%)
    78.17ms
    12 templates were rendered
    • ebook.chapter_detailschapter_details.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.chapter_header_sectionchapter_header_section.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_top_bannerchapter_top_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_bottom_bannerchapter_bottom_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.ebook_right_bannerebook_right_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_journalsinc_related_journals.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_ebooksinc_related_ebooks.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.appapp.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._login_access_login_access.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._header_header.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._main_menu_main_menu.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._footer_menu_footer_menu.blade.php#?blade
    uri
    GET chapter/{id}/{param?}
    middleware
    web, check_user_access
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\ChapterController@GetChapterDetails
    namespace
    App\Http\Controllers
    where
    as
    chapter
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1350-1704
    19 statements were executed24.29ms
    • Connection Establishedalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 9. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 10. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 11. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address (ip_address,visitor_agent,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('59467608','',1,1740074805,1740074805) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE visitor_count=visitor_count + 1, updated_on=1740074805
      2.18msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address_detail (ip_address,visitor_url,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('59467608','/chapter/21550',1,1740074805,1740074805)
      1.36msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#27
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:27
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 59467608 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59467608) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59467608 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59467608) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 59467608 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59467608) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 59467608 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59467608) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59467608 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59467608) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 59467608 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59467608) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_trail WHERE to_ip >= 59467608 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59467608) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59467608 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59467608) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_token WHERE to_ip >= 59467608 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59467608) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_trail WHERE to_ip >= 59467608 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59467608) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59467608 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59467608) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_token WHERE to_ip >= 59467608 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59467608) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_trail WHERE to_ip >= 59467608 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59467608) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59467608 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59467608) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_token WHERE to_ip >= 59467608 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59467608) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_disease_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59467608 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59467608) limit 1
      13.49msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#784
      Bindings
      • 0: 59467608
      • 1: 59467608
      • 2: 59467608
      • 3: 59467608
      • 4: 59467608
      • 5: 59467608
      • 6: 59467608
      • 7: 59467608
      • 8: 59467608
      • 9: 59467608
      • 10: 59467608
      • 11: 59467608
      • 12: 59467608
      • 13: 59467608
      • 14: 59467608
      • 15: 59467608
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
    • select * from `chapter` where `chapter_id` = '21550' limit 1
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1406
      Bindings
      • 0: 21550
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1406
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.last_name) as authors, CONCAT(au.last_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), ' ', au.first_name) AS authorsRIS, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.last_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.first_name) as authorsCiteAs, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.last_name), '')) as authorsmodal , `au`.*, `af`.`ror_id`, `af`.`institution`, `af`.`department`, `af`.`country`, `af`.`city`, `af`.`address`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.institution,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.department,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.address,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.city,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.country,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.postal_code,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.phone,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.fax,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `author_affiliation`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.web_view,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `web_view` from `author` as `au` left join `author_affiliation` as `af` on `au`.`author_id` = `af`.`author_id` where `au`.`chapter_id` = '21550' group by `au`.`author_id` order by `au`.`article_id` asc, `au`.`sequence` asc
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Author.php#86
      Bindings
      • 0: 21550
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1411
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `keywords` where `chapter_id` = '21550'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1415
      Bindings
      • 0: 21550
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1415
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select * from `ebook` where `ebook_id` = 1295 limit 1
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1430
      Bindings
      • 0: 1295
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1430
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=1295) and se.ebook_id!=1295 and v.ebook_status='1'
      730μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=1295) and se.ebook_id!=1295 and v.ebook_status='1' limit 10 offset 0
      660μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=1295)
      510μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct j.nid as journal_nid,j.title,j.subtitle,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword,sj.journal_id,j.image_file_name,j.flyer_link from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=1295) limit 10 offset 0
      410μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `e`.*, `a`.*, `y`.`year`, `e`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebook_volume_id`, `a`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebk_vol_id`, `e`.`ebook_id` as `ebk_ebook_id` from `ebook_volume` as `e` left join `author` as `a` on `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = `a`.`ebook_volume_id` left join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `e`.`year_id` where `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = 3664 and `e`.`is_uploaded` = 1
      500μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#271
      Bindings
      • 0: 3664
      • 1: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:271
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1438
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) rcd from `ebook_volume` where `ebook_id` = 1295 and ebook_volume_id <> 3664 limit 1
      270μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#999
      Bindings
      • 0: 1295
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:999
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1462
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '21550' and content_type = 'c' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '3664' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59467608 and j.to_ip >=59467608 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740074805 and j.to_date >= 1740074805 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 3664) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59467608 and j.to_ip >=59467608 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740074805 and j.to_date >= 1740074805 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 3664) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59467608 and j.to_ip >=59467608 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740074805 and j.to_date >= 1740074805 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 3664)
      580μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59467608 and j.to_ip >=59467608 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740074805 and j.to_date >= 1740074805 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21550) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59467608 and j.to_ip >=59467608 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740074805 and j.to_date >= 1740074805 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21550) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59467608 and j.to_ip >=59467608 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740074805 and j.to_date >= 1740074805 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 21550)
      540μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3664 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740074805 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740074805 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.05msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3664
      • 3: 1740074805
      • 4: 1740074805
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='39a0ead17c2605eb1766dd014438f12e'
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        vexU1PpDnw2bQz2ODXeUniSTMya79EHkA2yehMmo
        uc_cart_id
        39a0ead17c2605eb1766dd014438f12e
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/21550" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/21550
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:8 [ "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "keep-alive" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 20 Feb 2025 18:06:45 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlkzdUNGYzRkc29XelpyUnhmTlBLMFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib3FtQktMUFd6RGpkVVYycEN1ZWdqMGU2Q2ZEb2RJUCs0dGxOd1lhU2wxbHdMT2t4bUF0dXJYNjREcTh5cmI2OThTMGJxd1c0M01MUU0zSlZxNjc5UC84QURGK3pVTUlqU3c4R0JVU0pMclEwT21mc3RLVU9UcW5hcU5HZC9aVW8iLCJtYWMiOiIzYzJkM2U0YTE1NmYwMTIwZWM2MmNkYzViNzRiZGVhNmQ1YWEzYTBkNGE2MWU3MTQzNjMxMzgzYmY1YjY0MDY4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 23 Feb 2025 06:06:45 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlkzdUNGYzRkc29XelpyUnhmTlBLMFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib3FtQktMUFd6RGpkVVYycEN1ZWdqMGU2Q2ZEb2RJUCs0dGxOd1lhU2wxbHdMT2t4bUF0dXJYNjREcTh5cmI2OThTMGJxd" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImpkVVdsb1dCSjZWNm9iZitYMW1UckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaVBKMnJ3SWlEakdKdHpEZFZ0QlN6VXl5bFVzMUNiaU40Wkd2U3JUekxrbDFNYTFzcGNzZFB4aTNFV05OdWhCNFdkeWVqYmV6SVhuME5YeXpHZnNsM3FkcWVxNnQ4V1p4cEdQOU5WdW5tUzJWNng0a0dLbG1tek9FUDJkT0pycHUiLCJtYWMiOiIzOThkZDlkMWY0ZTNhOWEwYjE0NGU0ZjZhZmUzZmJkODM3ZDVjMTc3ODMwODQ2M2UzY2ExY2ExOTgxNWZmYjczIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImpkVVdsb1dCSjZWNm9iZitYMW1UckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaVBKMnJ3SWlEakdKdHpEZFZ0QlN6VXl5bFVzMUNiaU40Wkd2U3JUekxrbDFNYTFzcGNzZFB4aTN" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlkzdUNGYzRkc29XelpyUnhmTlBLMFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib3FtQktMUFd6RGpkVVYycEN1ZWdqMGU2Q2ZEb2RJUCs0dGxOd1lhU2wxbHdMT2t4bUF0dXJYNjREcTh5cmI2OThTMGJxd1c0M01MUU0zSlZxNjc5UC84QURGK3pVTUlqU3c4R0JVU0pMclEwT21mc3RLVU9UcW5hcU5HZC9aVW8iLCJtYWMiOiIzYzJkM2U0YTE1NmYwMTIwZWM2MmNkYzViNzRiZGVhNmQ1YWEzYTBkNGE2MWU3MTQzNjMxMzgzYmY1YjY0MDY4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 23-Feb-2025 06:06:45 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlkzdUNGYzRkc29XelpyUnhmTlBLMFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib3FtQktMUFd6RGpkVVYycEN1ZWdqMGU2Q2ZEb2RJUCs0dGxOd1lhU2wxbHdMT2t4bUF0dXJYNjREcTh5cmI2OThTMGJxd" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImpkVVdsb1dCSjZWNm9iZitYMW1UckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaVBKMnJ3SWlEakdKdHpEZFZ0QlN6VXl5bFVzMUNiaU40Wkd2U3JUekxrbDFNYTFzcGNzZFB4aTNFV05OdWhCNFdkeWVqYmV6SVhuME5YeXpHZnNsM3FkcWVxNnQ4V1p4cEdQOU5WdW5tUzJWNng0a0dLbG1tek9FUDJkT0pycHUiLCJtYWMiOiIzOThkZDlkMWY0ZTNhOWEwYjE0NGU0ZjZhZmUzZmJkODM3ZDVjMTc3ODMwODQ2M2UzY2ExY2ExOTgxNWZmYjczIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImpkVVdsb1dCSjZWNm9iZitYMW1UckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaVBKMnJ3SWlEakdKdHpEZFZ0QlN6VXl5bFVzMUNiaU40Wkd2U3JUekxrbDFNYTFzcGNzZFB4aTN" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "vexU1PpDnw2bQz2ODXeUniSTMya79EHkA2yehMmo" "uc_cart_id" => "39a0ead17c2605eb1766dd014438f12e" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/21550" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-20 18:06:45GET/chapter/21550112192