Applications of Nanomaterials in Medical Procedures and Treatments

Role of Nanomedicine in Ocular Parasitic Infections

Author(s): Nagham Gamal Masoud, Nagwa Mostafa El-Sayed* and Manar Ezzelarab Ramadan

Pp: 116-147 (32)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815136951123040006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Ocular parasites cause serious vision-threatening diseases. An early diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial to avoid side effects, such as blindness or eye removal. The first important step in diagnosing ocular parasite infections is to suspect them. Diagnosis is aided by ophthalmic examination, direct parasite identification in clinical samples and/or pathological lesions, immunoassays, and molecular methods. Despite this, ocular parasite infection diagnosis is fraught with difficulties in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. The usage of nanoparticles may improve diagnosis by providing precise procedures for parasitic DNA, antigens, and antibodies detection in a variety of body specimens with fast, sensitive, and specific results. Low tolerability, long therapeutic duration, multiple adverse effects, and the emergence of medication resistance are all problems with existing anti-parasitic medications. Nanoparticles represent a promising way for the successful treatment of parasitic diseases by developing innovative drug carriers to target medications to infected sites while limiting high doses and adverse effects. They can also overcome the limitations of antiparasitic medications' low bioavailability, poor cellular permeability, non-specific distribution, and fast elimination from the body. The aim of the present chapter is to throw light on possible nanotechnology applications in ocular parasitic diseases caused by Toxoplasma gondii, Acanthamoeba spp. and Toxocara spp. with a focus on diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination. 

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59825898 and j.to_ip >=59825898 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740526534 and j.to_date >= 1740526534 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19504) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59825898 and j.to_ip >=59825898 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740526534 and j.to_date >= 1740526534 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19504) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59825898 and j.to_ip >=59825898 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740526534 and j.to_date >= 1740526534 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19504)
      540μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3522 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740526534 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740526534 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.06msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3522
      • 3: 1740526534
      • 4: 1740526534
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='37025abdd4b9bb23f2c5c470beef194c'
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        F5vNiWFRSZr9m2nFdHphgJnOf0WBOyurRuqHuKRE
        uc_cart_id
        37025abdd4b9bb23f2c5c470beef194c
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/19504" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/19504
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 23:35:34 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ino1eHZsNlQvdmk0eEI4c0xJZHJrdmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoic09rRHpYNjMxUTVHVENXM2JnM1I0WW44VU80SW1FcUpGK2s4M2lQYy9XQjI1ZTJjQ1hRT1BTMmxmQVdqUGxKUXJNakg2L0o0VVd6UzRZVHRRQ0tmL1kwWm5nZ2ljMzhoTXZrZlpCa2dqOTkxMWZUU1FRWXVrUFdjdFg5bkIvYUciLCJtYWMiOiI5N2M3ZTQ1YTg1ZGY3YTVhOTEyNDU2MDU1YTg0Y2NlOTFkOGMxODZkY2IyNjBkZWZkNWQwYTEwYmY1Nzg0Y2EyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 11:35:34 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ino1eHZsNlQvdmk0eEI4c0xJZHJrdmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoic09rRHpYNjMxUTVHVENXM2JnM1I0WW44VU80SW1FcUpGK2s4M2lQYy9XQjI1ZTJjQ1hRT1BTMmxmQVdqUGxKUXJNakg2L" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InREL3VNRnpybTVQZGU1em5NOTQ1Tnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ0x4QjMwRXRTRFFiYkd6YUh2SWFubWdTVGVaZ3VvZDUvY2ZqdGpmWTVVWU1pM3BuTnAzeGJkZnhoQXNqOXhBdFo5OXdqSTMxblNZNEUvZEtjNHpYc05ibURmdVZPeEt1aTUwaVk0YVdQeFdsYTdMYzV6ZzJtSjZUSjRaUklzTm4iLCJtYWMiOiI5OTc4MzIzYWMzNzRkNTYzNTA3ODczYmU2NGIzMjlhMzMzMDMyYTE4NzYzNmI5N2Q2NDI1ZmM4NWUzNGI2Mzc0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InREL3VNRnpybTVQZGU1em5NOTQ1Tnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ0x4QjMwRXRTRFFiYkd6YUh2SWFubWdTVGVaZ3VvZDUvY2ZqdGpmWTVVWU1pM3BuTnAzeGJkZnh" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ino1eHZsNlQvdmk0eEI4c0xJZHJrdmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoic09rRHpYNjMxUTVHVENXM2JnM1I0WW44VU80SW1FcUpGK2s4M2lQYy9XQjI1ZTJjQ1hRT1BTMmxmQVdqUGxKUXJNakg2L0o0VVd6UzRZVHRRQ0tmL1kwWm5nZ2ljMzhoTXZrZlpCa2dqOTkxMWZUU1FRWXVrUFdjdFg5bkIvYUciLCJtYWMiOiI5N2M3ZTQ1YTg1ZGY3YTVhOTEyNDU2MDU1YTg0Y2NlOTFkOGMxODZkY2IyNjBkZWZkNWQwYTEwYmY1Nzg0Y2EyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 11:35:34 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ino1eHZsNlQvdmk0eEI4c0xJZHJrdmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoic09rRHpYNjMxUTVHVENXM2JnM1I0WW44VU80SW1FcUpGK2s4M2lQYy9XQjI1ZTJjQ1hRT1BTMmxmQVdqUGxKUXJNakg2L" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InREL3VNRnpybTVQZGU1em5NOTQ1Tnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ0x4QjMwRXRTRFFiYkd6YUh2SWFubWdTVGVaZ3VvZDUvY2ZqdGpmWTVVWU1pM3BuTnAzeGJkZnhoQXNqOXhBdFo5OXdqSTMxblNZNEUvZEtjNHpYc05ibURmdVZPeEt1aTUwaVk0YVdQeFdsYTdMYzV6ZzJtSjZUSjRaUklzTm4iLCJtYWMiOiI5OTc4MzIzYWMzNzRkNTYzNTA3ODczYmU2NGIzMjlhMzMzMDMyYTE4NzYzNmI5N2Q2NDI1ZmM4NWUzNGI2Mzc0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InREL3VNRnpybTVQZGU1em5NOTQ1Tnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ0x4QjMwRXRTRFFiYkd6YUh2SWFubWdTVGVaZ3VvZDUvY2ZqdGpmWTVVWU1pM3BuTnAzeGJkZnh" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "F5vNiWFRSZr9m2nFdHphgJnOf0WBOyurRuqHuKRE" "uc_cart_id" => "37025abdd4b9bb23f2c5c470beef194c" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/19504" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 23:35:34GET/chapter/19504112192