Alkaloids and Other Nitrogen-Containing Derivatives

Alkaloids: A Brief Overview of Botanical and Pharmacological Properties

Author(s): Claudio Ferrante* and Luigi Menghini

Pp: 1-43 (43)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815123678123030004

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The classical definition of alkaloids describes this class of secondary metabolites as chemical structures containing nitrogen as part of a heterocyclic, with alkaline character, characterized by complex structure and limited distribution, mainly in the plant kingdom. The modern history of alkaloids starts in the early nineteenth century as figured by two milestone dates, 1803 when Derosne described the isolation of a mixture containing narcotin and morphine from opium, and 1819 when the chemist Meissner delivered an operative definition of the term alkaloid. They have been observed with sporadic distribution in bacteria, fungi, Pteridophytae and Gymnophytae, while they are mainly represented in higher plants and within Angiosperms, particularly in selected families, such as Annonaceae, Lauraceae, Loganaceae, Menispermaceae, Papaveraceae, Ranuncolaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae and others. Frequently, a plant activates selectively a metabolic pathway that produces a mixture of multiple but structure-related alkaloids. Sometimes, dozens may be with a restricted number representing the majority of the total content. The latter parameter could change significantly as a result of a plethora of many factors, including the plant organ, seasonal variations, phenological status and others. As general rules, the alkaloids are segregated in the form of salt inside cell vacuole or sometimes in laticifer, mainly through the superficial tissues, supporting the hypothesis of their biological involvement in plant-environment interactions. 

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316303896 and j.to_ip >=316303896 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740526842 and j.to_date >= 1740526842 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19422) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316303896 and j.to_ip >=316303896 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740526842 and j.to_date >= 1740526842 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19422) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316303896 and j.to_ip >=316303896 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740526842 and j.to_date >= 1740526842 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 19422)
      710μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3516 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740526842 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740526842 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.12msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3516
      • 3: 1740526842
      • 4: 1740526842
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='3a6e8388511dec566738abd3271779d9'
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        gQyPYbRdmCRnK6889kIFbeqPMYfBwHI5Of8QobYG
        uc_cart_id
        3a6e8388511dec566738abd3271779d9
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/19422" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/19422
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
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        response_headers
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        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 23:40:42 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlR3b0YrUVFHc1RKUkUrRWl2VzZmYkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM2xwR0RZQUlqMTBEZS85Uk9GTVgzSlNNV29DS1VnUmZkNGwvb2JScVY3S1dMZ0JFNHoyd29mK1NYL2V5MFJIaThTeHdOOTByNVVJUlFtYkpNYnIzN0hybzFIQjVGL3lBVlN2YVkxajZYVHF6N1BFVEJTUE5QRGF2MGJ0NVFIZjQiLCJtYWMiOiIwNjcwZGI4MmJmYzAyOWE2ZWI0N2JkMjdmZDljMDBkYjRmZDY5Y2NiN2QzNzA3ZDYxZmMzMzY4MDM5OTdkNjBlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 11:40:42 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlR3b0YrUVFHc1RKUkUrRWl2VzZmYkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM2xwR0RZQUlqMTBEZS85Uk9GTVgzSlNNV29DS1VnUmZkNGwvb2JScVY3S1dMZ0JFNHoyd29mK1NYL2V5MFJIaThTeHdOO" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InU2R1hxbVBCZTFtK1BoOWtiT2NDZnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRk9XWS9EWVBZaUJ0R3dFbmlqRmdYZ29GaWlMZlduWWVmR3lsc1k3cmVKZG9aK1BYcjZ3U0ZWVWF5R2QrYzdWb05WYmVJenNrL09EazgyZHRwLzRzTzZKb1cyM3J0OGtwTmgxcExReDNPRXdWTmR2RjdJZzMrUnNyRmFPdUx4emoiLCJtYWMiOiJlNTA0OWRjYmVhZDAwYjg2ZWRmNDBhNzEyYmJiMTdjMGY3OWY4MTllMjk0YWQ0ZmM2YzdhYWE1ZWVjYWYxMDE2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InU2R1hxbVBCZTFtK1BoOWtiT2NDZnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRk9XWS9EWVBZaUJ0R3dFbmlqRmdYZ29GaWlMZlduWWVmR3lsc1k3cmVKZG9aK1BYcjZ3U0ZWVWF" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlR3b0YrUVFHc1RKUkUrRWl2VzZmYkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM2xwR0RZQUlqMTBEZS85Uk9GTVgzSlNNV29DS1VnUmZkNGwvb2JScVY3S1dMZ0JFNHoyd29mK1NYL2V5MFJIaThTeHdOOTByNVVJUlFtYkpNYnIzN0hybzFIQjVGL3lBVlN2YVkxajZYVHF6N1BFVEJTUE5QRGF2MGJ0NVFIZjQiLCJtYWMiOiIwNjcwZGI4MmJmYzAyOWE2ZWI0N2JkMjdmZDljMDBkYjRmZDY5Y2NiN2QzNzA3ZDYxZmMzMzY4MDM5OTdkNjBlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 11:40:42 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlR3b0YrUVFHc1RKUkUrRWl2VzZmYkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM2xwR0RZQUlqMTBEZS85Uk9GTVgzSlNNV29DS1VnUmZkNGwvb2JScVY3S1dMZ0JFNHoyd29mK1NYL2V5MFJIaThTeHdOO" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InU2R1hxbVBCZTFtK1BoOWtiT2NDZnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRk9XWS9EWVBZaUJ0R3dFbmlqRmdYZ29GaWlMZlduWWVmR3lsc1k3cmVKZG9aK1BYcjZ3U0ZWVWF5R2QrYzdWb05WYmVJenNrL09EazgyZHRwLzRzTzZKb1cyM3J0OGtwTmgxcExReDNPRXdWTmR2RjdJZzMrUnNyRmFPdUx4emoiLCJtYWMiOiJlNTA0OWRjYmVhZDAwYjg2ZWRmNDBhNzEyYmJiMTdjMGY3OWY4MTllMjk0YWQ0ZmM2YzdhYWE1ZWVjYWYxMDE2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InU2R1hxbVBCZTFtK1BoOWtiT2NDZnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRk9XWS9EWVBZaUJ0R3dFbmlqRmdYZ29GaWlMZlduWWVmR3lsc1k3cmVKZG9aK1BYcjZ3U0ZWVWF" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "gQyPYbRdmCRnK6889kIFbeqPMYfBwHI5Of8QobYG" "uc_cart_id" => "3a6e8388511dec566738abd3271779d9" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/19422" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 23:40:42GET/chapter/19422112192