Microcirculation and Insulin Resistance

Microalbuminuria and Insulin Resistance

Author(s): Borje Haraldsson

Pp: 85-90 (6)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805057410901010085

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The glomerular barrier is highly selective and an only minute amount reaches the urine. Normally, the daily loss of albumin in urine is less than 30 mg and microalbuminuria denotes losses between 30-300 mg per day. Overt proteinuria means daily losses between 300- 3000 mg, whereas larger albumin losses are in the nephrotic range. There are a wide variety of conditions that cause microalbuminuria or proteinuria, but recently our understanding of these phenomena has improved considerably. Microalbuminuria is one of the first signs of diabetic nephropathy where it reflects endothelial dysfunction and increased risk of microvascular complications. Microalbuminuria is also an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in non-diabetic individuals. Insulin resistance is an interesting condition that precedes the development of type II diabetes. Patients with severe kidney disease have insulin resistance without developing diabetes. Insulin resistance is also associated to microalbuminuria, hypertension and obesity. Finally, there is an association between all these conditions and certain inflammatory vascular reactions. In this chapter, I will try to review our current understanding of microalbuminuria and how it is related to insulin resistance.


Keywords: Albumin, diabetes, endothelium, glomerular, glycocalyx, kidney, podocytes.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316145883 and j.to_ip >=316145883 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347141 and j.to_date >= 1740347141 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1912) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316145883 and j.to_ip >=316145883 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347141 and j.to_date >= 1740347141 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1912) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316145883 and j.to_ip >=316145883 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347141 and j.to_date >= 1740347141 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 1912)
      930μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 924 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740347141 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740347141 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.54msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 924
      • 3: 1740347141
      • 4: 1740347141
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='84e04f0dfd7d06e5095b5418cb9edc65'
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    7Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        QDCJkNxCTzI0ItYN0aruD6rXbTYJTjSEZeJB0Syc
        uc_cart_id
        84e04f0dfd7d06e5095b5418cb9edc65
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1912" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/1912
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "QDCJkNxCTzI0ItYN0aruD6rXbTYJTjSEZeJB0Syc" "uc_cart_id" => "84e04f0dfd7d06e5095b5418cb9edc65" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/1912" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-23 21:45:41GET/chapter/1912112199