Frontiers in Cardiovascular Drug Discovery

Volume: 6

Hibernation or Transformation? Challenges in Cardiovascular Drug Development

Author(s): G. Mercanoglu* and F. Mercanoglu

Pp: 102-140 (39)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815036909122060005

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The decline in deaths from cardiovascular diseases in line with scientific developments between 1950-2010 was impressive. Despite these significant advances, cardiovascular (CV) diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) data, 17.9 million people die due to CV diseases every year, which corresponds to 31% of the total deaths worldwide. Therefore, for many CV diseases, there is still a need for improved treatment, and this is only possible with the development of new drugs.

Although investments in the previous decade have resulted in the development of many innovative drugs in the treatment of CV diseases, today, pharmaceutical companies are less enthusiastic about developing CV drugs, mainly due to financial and regulatory difficulties. Indeed, today, institutes, associations and even organizations such as WHO are taking over the sponsorship role that pharmaceutical industry players have abandoned. In parallel, cardiovascular pipeline activity is shifting from large pharmaceutical companies to small and medium-sized companies and from fastfollowing drugs to first-in classes. This transformation in CV drug discovery and development reveals significant challenges that require square up to. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the global challenges faced in CV drug discovery and development to find effective solutions.


Keywords: Biomarkers, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Gene, Insulin, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221938058 and j.to_ip >=221938058 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834413 and j.to_date >= 1739834413 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16619) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221938058 and j.to_ip >=221938058 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834413 and j.to_date >= 1739834413 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16619) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221938058 and j.to_ip >=221938058 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834413 and j.to_date >= 1739834413 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16619)
      660μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3317 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834413 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834413 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3317
      • 3: 1739834413
      • 4: 1739834413
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='19fe2dc389a64cf4c494a3ad2d5934c7'
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    7Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        nI4uIeXPZUtqZ9PIokXmopVg7nY9uZEyLkDDC0FT
        uc_cart_id
        19fe2dc389a64cf4c494a3ad2d5934c7
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/16619" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/16619
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
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        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "nI4uIeXPZUtqZ9PIokXmopVg7nY9uZEyLkDDC0FT" "uc_cart_id" => "19fe2dc389a64cf4c494a3ad2d5934c7" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/16619" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:20:13GET/chapter/16619112199