Animal Models for Neurological Disorders

Neuropsychopathology And Neurobehavioral Characteristics of PPA-Induced Autism Like Rat Model and Its Correlation with Gut-Brain Dysbiosis Occurring in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Author(s): Ranjana Bhandari, Rupinder Kaur Sodhi and Anurag Kuhad * .

Pp: 153-181 (29)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815039689121010011

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Abstract: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) involves social interaction deficit, impaired communication skills, and pervasive and stereotypic behavior. It also involves co-morbidities such as anxiety, aggressive nature, and epilepsy. Apart from the above, this disorder also affects physiological co-morbidities that co-exist with behavioral symptoms, such as immune system and mitochondrial dysfunction, and gastrointestinal complications, leading to oxidative stress neuroinflammation, further worsening the behavioral complications. It has been reported that 23%-70% of patients who have ASD account for gastrointestinal complications, which correlate with behaviors relevant to autistic endophenotype. A strong gut-brain dysbiosis occurs in ASD patients due to the enormous production of short-chain fatty acids such as propanoic acid (PPA) by abnormal gut-flora, worsening the behavioral neurochemical and mitochondrial dysfunction. This further leads to the generation of free radical species responsible for synthesizing pro-inflammatory cytokines, which cause microglia activation. There are various animal models of autism, such as the induced animal model and transgenic animal model, which could give valuable hints toward understanding the molecular, cellular, and pathomorphological processes involved in this neurodevelopmental disorder heterogeneous and has a multifactorial origin. However, though all animal models focus on establishing the face validity of ASD, very few focus on construct validity and predictive validity about gut-brain dysbiosis in ASD patients because of the abnormal gut-flora leaky-gut phenomenon. Thus, in this chapter, our focus would be to understand the phenomenon of gut-brain cross-talk in ASD, the role of short-chain fatty acids, and to bring forth the neuropsychopathology of propanoic acid (PPA)-induced rat model of ASD, which can help in establishing construct as well as predictive validity with the gut-brain cross-talk and the neuroimmune as well as behavioral complications occurring as a result of short-chain fatty acids and abnormal gut flora.


Keywords: Autism, Gut-microbiota, Inflammatory cytokines, Neurobehavior, Propanoic acid.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59559709 and j.to_ip >=59559709 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739989043 and j.to_date >= 1739989043 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16120) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59559709 and j.to_ip >=59559709 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739989043 and j.to_date >= 1739989043 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16120) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59559709 and j.to_ip >=59559709 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739989043 and j.to_date >= 1739989043 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 16120)
      610μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3280 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739989043 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739989043 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.09msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3280
      • 3: 1739989043
      • 4: 1739989043
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='df63c48fa1efeaaa1be54d73a5320a58'
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        VRcVt5KbhEnRwOA6eDciP8oPcvzeeCRFCzX5g7J1
        uc_cart_id
        df63c48fa1efeaaa1be54d73a5320a58
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/16120" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/16120
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
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        array:5 [ "_token" => "VRcVt5KbhEnRwOA6eDciP8oPcvzeeCRFCzX5g7J1" "uc_cart_id" => "df63c48fa1efeaaa1be54d73a5320a58" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/16120" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 18:17:23GET/chapter/16120112197