Vaccine Development, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Group Immunity and Future Perspective for COVID-19

Since its outbreak in late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has infected millions of people and caused 432, 204 deaths across the globe up to June 14, 2020 (WHO website). SARS-CoV-2 has a high transmission, prolonged incubation time, and an increased prevalence of asymptomatic infection. All over the world, the authorities are insisting on non-pharmaceutical interventions such as social distancing, imposing lockdowns, social isolation, and provision of personal protective equipment (PPEs) to the hospital and other essential departments. However, these measures have only slowed down the virus and cannot prevent rebounds on easing the restrictions. Moreover, the hype about the off-label use of drugs is on the rise. However, the efficacy and the risk of adverse effects have yet to be explored in clinical trials. Therefore, the only way to confer immunity and control the pandemic, the development of vaccines, is currently the research focus. The genetic sequencing of SARS-Cov-2 was done quickly, only in one month. To develop vaccines at pandemic speed, the scientific community faces the challenge of proof of clinical safety and efficacy. Moreover, the previous work is done, and scientists are utilizing the experience of SAR-CoV and MERS and the technologies thereof for COVID-19. Several manufacturers have announced their program and progress on vaccine development. Some vaccines have cleared phase I, and phase II clinical trials, while few are in phase III.

Keywords: Clinical trials, Coronavirus, COVID-19 vaccines, Group immunity, Herd immunity, Vaccine candidate.