Current Advances in Breast Cancer Research: A Molecular Approach

Advances of the Current Therapeutic Approach for the Management of Breast Cancer

Author(s): Saroj Kumar Amar, Ajeet Kumar Srivastav and Swayam Prakash Srivastava

Pp: 328-345 (18)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811451447120010016

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common type of malignancy in women worldwide. There are several factors associated with breast cancer for manifesting a heterogeneous disease in nature. Chemotherapeutic drugs significantly reduce the mortality rate of breast cancer. The recent development of chemotherapeutic drugs is targeting heterogeneity by including hormone receptors, expression of genes, epidermal growth factors, etc. The therapeutic response is dependent on a variety of factors, including stages, subtypes, metastasis, etc. For example,- endocrine therapy is preferred for positive hormone response in luminal breast cancer. In the recent therapeutic regimens, CDK4/6 quenchers are emerged, which regulate cell cycle by interacting with cyclin D1. It is also because, in the case of resistant hormonal therapy, tumors still showed its dependency on CDK4/6- cyclin D1 for proliferation. Apart from chemotherapy, immunotherapy is one of the emerging therapeutical regimens for breast cancer. There are also a number of vaccination approaches against breast cancer, including Nelipepimut–S, derived from the extracellular domain of the human epidermal factor receptor, which is used as a vaccine to prevent the reoccurrence of refractory breast cancer. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial mechanism for breast cancer progression. Currently, EMT inhibitor is used for preclinical testing to further used as a drug molecule to treat breast cancer. Thus, the advancement of chemo- or immunotherapy can substitute over invasive treatment strategies such as the surgical method for the treatment of breast cancer.


Keywords: Breast cancer, Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 inhibitors, Chemotherapy, Human epidermal growth factor receptor, Immunotherapy.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51718564 and j.to_ip >=51718564 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740736101 and j.to_date >= 1740736101 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13594) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51718564 and j.to_ip >=51718564 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740736101 and j.to_date >= 1740736101 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13594) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51718564 and j.to_ip >=51718564 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740736101 and j.to_date >= 1740736101 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13594)
      880μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2512 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740736101 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740736101 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      16.85msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2512
      • 3: 1740736101
      • 4: 1740736101
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='959736c1c084d9003a3869d90dd743eb'
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:290
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        73NdPwBelYgMVTgZOATg111iq977MdkDTcOFOiBr
        uc_cart_id
        959736c1c084d9003a3869d90dd743eb
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13594" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/13594
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:8 [ "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "keep-alive" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Fri, 28 Feb 2025 09:48:21 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkRLaEkzTnR6WGU4THk1UjZ3bFFvSEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOVpKQllZQ2lZcjB3YUo4UHRjRGgwUHE5d0FZdmdoUjR2eitReFZPbVVNazBWVXVhcnUzZmw2M0JZSXFqd3RSUi9pK2VoYVRiR0NqOXdVdmZQeGZzVHkzYythU1Z5TE5ObGg1Ykh5UGtYclZIWGtJYUJ4UTlpbjFWMThqL01aSzYiLCJtYWMiOiI4NGIxNGU2NTBhMDUyNmI1MDA5ZDJiZWQxMTU2YjgzNDNiNGU4MTFmOTA4NjAxMjlhZGYxNzQzNGUzYTMwMTEyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 21:48:21 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkRLaEkzTnR6WGU4THk1UjZ3bFFvSEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOVpKQllZQ2lZcjB3YUo4UHRjRGgwUHE5d0FZdmdoUjR2eitReFZPbVVNazBWVXVhcnUzZmw2M0JZSXFqd3RSUi9pK2VoY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjJnYTNNOEN1dXV1ek9ZdmFVT204R2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQk9UZGg5RU40N1F3eUwwVnJSaXJxZDdENTlDdEhrSGJPeGpVOHJzUWZpdzNTRUlMRWdxNkNOMFFwQ1p6Wk9iR1ZKNVdnRHJqeG9HZmFSTjVTb2NZLzIwTTdYUG9sVWhMSnpicjNJWkYyejB2TWgvS3daYlVpbEkwUEEvM3FQbDEiLCJtYWMiOiJiNGFiYTRkMWRiYmViNGIxZWJhNTI0YmVlMTZjZWJmMzJlYWNkNDcxOTc1ZTBjMzEwMDBlMzZjYTAxZTc4MWIzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjJnYTNNOEN1dXV1ek9ZdmFVT204R2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQk9UZGg5RU40N1F3eUwwVnJSaXJxZDdENTlDdEhrSGJPeGpVOHJzUWZpdzNTRUlMRWdxNkNOMFF" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkRLaEkzTnR6WGU4THk1UjZ3bFFvSEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOVpKQllZQ2lZcjB3YUo4UHRjRGgwUHE5d0FZdmdoUjR2eitReFZPbVVNazBWVXVhcnUzZmw2M0JZSXFqd3RSUi9pK2VoYVRiR0NqOXdVdmZQeGZzVHkzYythU1Z5TE5ObGg1Ykh5UGtYclZIWGtJYUJ4UTlpbjFWMThqL01aSzYiLCJtYWMiOiI4NGIxNGU2NTBhMDUyNmI1MDA5ZDJiZWQxMTU2YjgzNDNiNGU4MTFmOTA4NjAxMjlhZGYxNzQzNGUzYTMwMTEyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 21:48:21 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkRLaEkzTnR6WGU4THk1UjZ3bFFvSEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOVpKQllZQ2lZcjB3YUo4UHRjRGgwUHE5d0FZdmdoUjR2eitReFZPbVVNazBWVXVhcnUzZmw2M0JZSXFqd3RSUi9pK2VoY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjJnYTNNOEN1dXV1ek9ZdmFVT204R2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQk9UZGg5RU40N1F3eUwwVnJSaXJxZDdENTlDdEhrSGJPeGpVOHJzUWZpdzNTRUlMRWdxNkNOMFFwQ1p6Wk9iR1ZKNVdnRHJqeG9HZmFSTjVTb2NZLzIwTTdYUG9sVWhMSnpicjNJWkYyejB2TWgvS3daYlVpbEkwUEEvM3FQbDEiLCJtYWMiOiJiNGFiYTRkMWRiYmViNGIxZWJhNTI0YmVlMTZjZWJmMzJlYWNkNDcxOTc1ZTBjMzEwMDBlMzZjYTAxZTc4MWIzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjJnYTNNOEN1dXV1ek9ZdmFVT204R2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQk9UZGg5RU40N1F3eUwwVnJSaXJxZDdENTlDdEhrSGJPeGpVOHJzUWZpdzNTRUlMRWdxNkNOMFF" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "73NdPwBelYgMVTgZOATg111iq977MdkDTcOFOiBr" "uc_cart_id" => "959736c1c084d9003a3869d90dd743eb" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13594" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-28 09:48:21GET/chapter/13594112197