Abstract
There are different interventional & surgical modalities for management of resistant or end-stage heart failure. Biventricular pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy are used in patients with failed medical treatment. Implantable defibrillator could be implanted in patients with recorded syncope, aborted sudden death or malignant ventricular arrythmia. Mechanical circulatory support has been utilized as a bridge either to recovery in cases of reversible etiologies or heart transplantation in cases of irreversible causes.
Keywords: Biventricular Pacing, Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy, Congenital Heart Disease, End-Stage Heart Failure, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, Heart Transplantation, Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator, Mechanical Circulatory Support, Surgical Treatment, Ventricular Assist Device.
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