Frontiers in Heart Failure

Volume: 3

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Pediatric Population

Author(s): Sarah Moharem Elgamal*, Shehab M. Anwer and El Tahlawi Mohammad

Pp: 59-83 (25)

DOI: 10.2174/9789811410901120030006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an inherited autosomal dominant genetic disease characterised by asymmetrical increased wall thickness of a non-dilated LV chamber. It has a diverse natural history which is attributed to its heterogeneous clinical presentation. HCM could be diagnosed clinically, by ECG changes and definitely by echocardiographic characteristics. Pharmacological therapy has an important role in the management of HCM. Alcohol septal ablation and pacing may be used in certain conditions. Septal myectomy, Morrow procedure, is indicated to reduce persistent gradient and alleviate symptoms refractory to medications.


Keywords: Cardiomyopathy, Congenital Heart Disease, Dual Chamber Pacing, End-Stage Heart Failure, Gene Mutation, Hypertrophy, Myectomy, Morrow, Outflow Obstruction, Septal Ablation, Sudden Cardiac Death.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316303896 and j.to_ip >=316303896 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740526213 and j.to_date >= 1740526213 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13320) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316303896 and j.to_ip >=316303896 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740526213 and j.to_date >= 1740526213 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13320) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316303896 and j.to_ip >=316303896 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740526213 and j.to_date >= 1740526213 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 13320)
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2799 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740526213 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740526213 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.04msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2799
      • 3: 1740526213
      • 4: 1740526213
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='95440fe45ca8998b7d3840c94fbd4936'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    11Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        ojqmPgLIgm5VjMpEHJHv1Nlazau6upYyxBqiI4jv
        uc_cart_id
        95440fe45ca8998b7d3840c94fbd4936
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13320" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/13320
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:8 [ "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "keep-alive" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 23:30:13 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InhZUy9zRi9qQkJRcjhJeUdtK1A1TEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVkwya3VQbVNDMUlKTTBRQkVFS0t0K2hOZm0rWDI0U3NZdXZCRWxJT0ZnSEF3dE1DYU5JZWJNeWFaRWMrd0xvdzhwS2FqR1k1V2pOMjc4eXA0QkVwN0JDbytaVWdPSzF5ZlZGdVg1RVZyM2pvMTZBeUVCMGZFMEpKazI1T29aR0IiLCJtYWMiOiJlMzMwYmRhOWYxODgyYTYzNDI1MDk5MDEzZTgzZGQ1NjU2NmRlYjQ4ZjI3MDg0NmEyMDNhNDEyMTY3MWI4NTZlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 11:30:13 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InhZUy9zRi9qQkJRcjhJeUdtK1A1TEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVkwya3VQbVNDMUlKTTBRQkVFS0t0K2hOZm0rWDI0U3NZdXZCRWxJT0ZnSEF3dE1DYU5JZWJNeWFaRWMrd0xvdzhwS2FqR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Imo4WXllNEJ4eWVYRDJTME1rWnNDeGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOWVFb3dmKzBGMTdERDVwM2thUlVjUHp6cjNad3V4QmdpK0hPUzI4cUhWZUJFeU5xR2p6VFA1ajFmcTZRUDRTQmsvbjl3NGFzUEk2a251UURiSk1TRkQwZHhsemR5ZXpNd1lsNzFib2xnZi8zS3I2blgyY0ZwMkw2V2pubGQ1VE8iLCJtYWMiOiJmYmEwMWM1NmZhNGFmMDg4M2M2MTZmNjNlODg1M2U3YjQ2NjkzNmVmMjE1ZGFhOTlhMDkwNDMxMjA4ZjVhM2Q4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Imo4WXllNEJ4eWVYRDJTME1rWnNDeGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOWVFb3dmKzBGMTdERDVwM2thUlVjUHp6cjNad3V4QmdpK0hPUzI4cUhWZUJFeU5xR2p6VFA1ajF" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InhZUy9zRi9qQkJRcjhJeUdtK1A1TEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVkwya3VQbVNDMUlKTTBRQkVFS0t0K2hOZm0rWDI0U3NZdXZCRWxJT0ZnSEF3dE1DYU5JZWJNeWFaRWMrd0xvdzhwS2FqR1k1V2pOMjc4eXA0QkVwN0JDbytaVWdPSzF5ZlZGdVg1RVZyM2pvMTZBeUVCMGZFMEpKazI1T29aR0IiLCJtYWMiOiJlMzMwYmRhOWYxODgyYTYzNDI1MDk5MDEzZTgzZGQ1NjU2NmRlYjQ4ZjI3MDg0NmEyMDNhNDEyMTY3MWI4NTZlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 11:30:13 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InhZUy9zRi9qQkJRcjhJeUdtK1A1TEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVkwya3VQbVNDMUlKTTBRQkVFS0t0K2hOZm0rWDI0U3NZdXZCRWxJT0ZnSEF3dE1DYU5JZWJNeWFaRWMrd0xvdzhwS2FqR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Imo4WXllNEJ4eWVYRDJTME1rWnNDeGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOWVFb3dmKzBGMTdERDVwM2thUlVjUHp6cjNad3V4QmdpK0hPUzI4cUhWZUJFeU5xR2p6VFA1ajFmcTZRUDRTQmsvbjl3NGFzUEk2a251UURiSk1TRkQwZHhsemR5ZXpNd1lsNzFib2xnZi8zS3I2blgyY0ZwMkw2V2pubGQ1VE8iLCJtYWMiOiJmYmEwMWM1NmZhNGFmMDg4M2M2MTZmNjNlODg1M2U3YjQ2NjkzNmVmMjE1ZGFhOTlhMDkwNDMxMjA4ZjVhM2Q4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Imo4WXllNEJ4eWVYRDJTME1rWnNDeGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOWVFb3dmKzBGMTdERDVwM2thUlVjUHp6cjNad3V4QmdpK0hPUzI4cUhWZUJFeU5xR2p6VFA1ajF" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "ojqmPgLIgm5VjMpEHJHv1Nlazau6upYyxBqiI4jv" "uc_cart_id" => "95440fe45ca8998b7d3840c94fbd4936" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/13320" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 23:30:13GET/chapter/133201121913