Topics in Anti-Cancer Research

Volume: 7

The Regulation and the Function of Autophagy in the Development and Behavior of Esophageal Cancers

Author(s): Erdem Ayik and Gulsum O. Elpek

Pp: 96-144 (49)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681086279118070007

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Autophagy (AP) is a cell recovery programme that plays a critical role by degrading dysfunctional organelles and misfolded proteins. Besides its position to maintain homeostasis, the contribution of AP to the development and progression of several pathological conditions, including cancer has been denoted. A significant number of findings indicate the involvement of AP-mediated cell survival in the progression of many tumors. However, the data in esophageal cancer (EC) appears to be less initiated. In this chapter, first definition, types and mechanisms of AP are described, and the following sections are focused on giving a clear view of the findings that communicate AP with oncogenesis and tumor progression in EC. Moreover, the use of several drugs, which are known to modulate AP (inhibitors [3-MA, Bafilomycin etc.] and inducers [Nimotuzumab etc.]) in the treatment of EC, is discussed.

The current data indicated that although the role of AP in carcinogenesis, tumor behavior and response to treatment in EC is non-negligible, the first problem to be resolved is to determine whether AP should be stimulated or inhibited because it seems that both strategies are encouraging. Another problem is the identification of the patient who will benefit from the manipulation of AP. Finally; the use of existing drugs that may have off-target effects warrants the development of specific AP modulating compounds suitable for use in patients with EC. The potential role of AP in EC chemoresistance necessitates further investigations not only with AP related proteins but also their related pathways into open up new corners for therapeutic intervention.


Keywords: Apoptosis, autophagosome, autophagy, Beclin-1, cancer, carcinogenesis, cell survival, chemoresistance, esophageal carcinoma, esophagus, inhibition of autophagy, LC3 protein, pathway, regulation of autophagy, treatment.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51271683 and j.to_ip >=51271683 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347135 and j.to_date >= 1740347135 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12744) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51271683 and j.to_ip >=51271683 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347135 and j.to_date >= 1740347135 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12744) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51271683 and j.to_ip >=51271683 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347135 and j.to_date >= 1740347135 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12744)
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2629 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740347135 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740347135 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2629
      • 3: 1740347135
      • 4: 1740347135
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='4fee9d599c45b9acf6630051561e8251'
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    15Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        oNENxQQOSGx3fBN42AJRDg6Yl1WtlsCGKsqImc1R
        uc_cart_id
        4fee9d599c45b9acf6630051561e8251
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/12744" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/12744
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Sun, 23 Feb 2025 21:45:35 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlZPSkRxeGMvcHdBM29pVWxyNWJtWlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWWNzRzFmRkE3Uk14RWVtWWdNeDRnRjhnRzF4OTJ6ckt6czFVdERWWndCWHhFYlJDYUVoNXhrL204enM1UjhVTTVIVXIxSmNZNFRaVGVMbUV0aHdLdUVJcmJndldXZzV1RnlBazFnUEdhbXNEOTZIbWZHdlQ3ZlJUdXlwcGVWUU8iLCJtYWMiOiJhNjgyMmVmMWZlZDcxNDNiMzgyMjM3YjIwMWVmMWIzOTdhZmY4OWUwODZkMTcxNTRjMDIzMzZjNDU2NDU2Y2NhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26 Feb 2025 09:45:35 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlZPSkRxeGMvcHdBM29pVWxyNWJtWlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWWNzRzFmRkE3Uk14RWVtWWdNeDRnRjhnRzF4OTJ6ckt6czFVdERWWndCWHhFYlJDYUVoNXhrL204enM1UjhVTTVIVXIxS" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImlSUTdmZ0pFSTBKU2N3VmxRYkZXQXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUTZ0MmNxaXE2SG1wK0lqQUk3T3JjWEtHUE53SjUzSnBRMXNuZXVEZDNONzg2eEdsRnN1TzQ3cEwrczVUTW5NZmdvZnFUOUhKbVpmaGZPTyt2VWMvSFhsZmJndnYzYTliK3JxWEVjVGZhQ2paMUZhdFVJejhZaW51UUhHV1MrcVgiLCJtYWMiOiJkMDk5OWE3MGNmYzBiMWQ5NDk4ZmY1Njc4MzE0M2ZhY2IxZjIzN2ZhZWIxZjgzOTZjNzQ0NThkN2U5NTRiODI5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImlSUTdmZ0pFSTBKU2N3VmxRYkZXQXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUTZ0MmNxaXE2SG1wK0lqQUk3T3JjWEtHUE53SjUzSnBRMXNuZXVEZDNONzg2eEdsRnN1TzQ3cEw" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlZPSkRxeGMvcHdBM29pVWxyNWJtWlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWWNzRzFmRkE3Uk14RWVtWWdNeDRnRjhnRzF4OTJ6ckt6czFVdERWWndCWHhFYlJDYUVoNXhrL204enM1UjhVTTVIVXIxSmNZNFRaVGVMbUV0aHdLdUVJcmJndldXZzV1RnlBazFnUEdhbXNEOTZIbWZHdlQ3ZlJUdXlwcGVWUU8iLCJtYWMiOiJhNjgyMmVmMWZlZDcxNDNiMzgyMjM3YjIwMWVmMWIzOTdhZmY4OWUwODZkMTcxNTRjMDIzMzZjNDU2NDU2Y2NhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26-Feb-2025 09:45:35 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlZPSkRxeGMvcHdBM29pVWxyNWJtWlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWWNzRzFmRkE3Uk14RWVtWWdNeDRnRjhnRzF4OTJ6ckt6czFVdERWWndCWHhFYlJDYUVoNXhrL204enM1UjhVTTVIVXIxS" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImlSUTdmZ0pFSTBKU2N3VmxRYkZXQXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUTZ0MmNxaXE2SG1wK0lqQUk3T3JjWEtHUE53SjUzSnBRMXNuZXVEZDNONzg2eEdsRnN1TzQ3cEwrczVUTW5NZmdvZnFUOUhKbVpmaGZPTyt2VWMvSFhsZmJndnYzYTliK3JxWEVjVGZhQ2paMUZhdFVJejhZaW51UUhHV1MrcVgiLCJtYWMiOiJkMDk5OWE3MGNmYzBiMWQ5NDk4ZmY1Njc4MzE0M2ZhY2IxZjIzN2ZhZWIxZjgzOTZjNzQ0NThkN2U5NTRiODI5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImlSUTdmZ0pFSTBKU2N3VmxRYkZXQXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUTZ0MmNxaXE2SG1wK0lqQUk3T3JjWEtHUE53SjUzSnBRMXNuZXVEZDNONzg2eEdsRnN1TzQ3cEw" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "oNENxQQOSGx3fBN42AJRDg6Yl1WtlsCGKsqImc1R" "uc_cart_id" => "4fee9d599c45b9acf6630051561e8251" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/12744" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-23 21:45:35GET/chapter/127441121917