Frontiers in Magnetic Resonance

Characterizing the Nature of Surface Radicals in Carbon-Based Materials, Using Gas-Flow EPR Spectroscopy

Author(s): Ortal Marciano and Sharon Ruthstein

Pp: 147-168 (22)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681086934118010010

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Carbon-based materials are highly diverse in terms of their mechanical, electronic, and thermodynamic properties, and as such can be used in a vast array of applications in numerous industries. These materials contain various types of carbon and oxygen radicals. Oxidation processes that influence the composition of these radical populations can have substantial effects on the materials’ electronic properties. Therefore, it is important to gain a systematic understanding of oxidation processes in carbonaceous materials at various temperatures and pressures. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is routinely used to characterize defects in carbon-based materials and the nature of the radicals they contain. Specifically, spin concentrations and the composition and distribution of radicals can be correlated to the electronic properties of carbon-based materials. Accordingly, over the last few years, our group has been using EPR spectroscopy to develop methodologies to explore the oxidation properties of carbon-based materials. Our overarching goal is to produce a toolkit that can correlate between the physical properties of specific carbon-based materials and these materials’ sensitivity to oxidation processes. In this chapter, we will describe our findings regarding the oxidation processes of coal and graphene oxide materials. Our data are derived from in-situ EPR experiments in which carbon-based materials were exposed to various atmospheric environments. Our findings have clear practical implications with regard to identifying appropriate storage conditions for carbon-based materials.


Keywords: Bituminous coals, Carbon-centered radicals, Coal, Graphene oxide (GO), EPR, EPR linewidth, Free radicals, In-situ gas-flow EPR, Lorentzian lineshape, Lignites, Low temperature oxidation, NMR, Oxidation process, Oxidation time, Oxygen-centered radicals, Radical concentration, Reduced graphene oxide (rGO), Reduction temperature, Sub-bituminous coals, Surface radicals.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221975353 and j.to_ip >=221975353 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740774232 and j.to_date >= 1740774232 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12247) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221975353 and j.to_ip >=221975353 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740774232 and j.to_date >= 1740774232 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12247) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 221975353 and j.to_ip >=221975353 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740774232 and j.to_date >= 1740774232 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 12247)
      1.07msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2459 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740774232 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740774232 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.74msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2459
      • 3: 1740774232
      • 4: 1740774232
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='4ba7e457ed7cdd934b87670db8e2564d'
      280μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:291
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    20Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        GvJXX9o68jl9uoOF2v1rGwzQ1uLdmpa6kJHIohBY
        uc_cart_id
        4ba7e457ed7cdd934b87670db8e2564d
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/12247" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/12247
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
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        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
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        session_attributes
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        array:5 [ "_token" => "GvJXX9o68jl9uoOF2v1rGwzQ1uLdmpa6kJHIohBY" "uc_cart_id" => "4ba7e457ed7cdd934b87670db8e2564d" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/12247" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-28 20:23:52GET/chapter/122471121922