Frontiers in Drug Discovery

Volume: 2

Novel Non-Monoaminergic Antidepressants: Focus on Neuropeptides

Author(s): Donatella Marazziti, Federico Mucci, Stefano Baroni and Liliana Dell`Osso

Pp: 242-255 (14)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681084732117020013

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common illness representing a social problem worldwide, that is predicted to become the second cause of disability in 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO), with a heavy economic burden for the western societies. The discovery of the first-generation antidepressants, i.e., monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), followed by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), dual-acting serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and a few others, improved significantly the treatment and the prognosis of MDD, besides promoting the investigation of its possible biological mechanisms. However, the long latency of therapeutic effect, the presence of relevant side effects and the treatment’s resistance are still major problems in MDD management. For those reasons, the pharmacological treatment of MDD is still far from being satisfactory, without any significant paradigm shifts in the psychopharmacology of MDD occurring in the last decades. More recently, other mechanisms, besides monoamines’ modulation, have been explored in the attempt to discover novel and effective antidepressants. To date, a number of novel compounds acting on neuropeptide receptors have been developed and tested in both animals and humans with different results. In this chapter, we will provide a short overview of the main neuropeptides, from their biochemical and molecular characteristics to preclinical and clinical evidence in MDD.


Keywords: Antidepresants, Depresion, Galarin, Neuropeptide, Neuropeptide Y, Oxytocin, Substance P, Vasopression.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59559709 and j.to_ip >=59559709 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740346966 and j.to_date >= 1740346966 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10695) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59559709 and j.to_ip >=59559709 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740346966 and j.to_date >= 1740346966 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10695) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59559709 and j.to_ip >=59559709 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740346966 and j.to_date >= 1740346966 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10695)
      820μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2246 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740346966 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740346966 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.45msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2246
      • 3: 1740346966
      • 4: 1740346966
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='0c1fbb1e4e3a0cd9d6160922ad3804e5'
      210μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    8Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        KmS9dLiOndfIXDjMXd8WE3SPSP8HVStE4FXEgxq1
        uc_cart_id
        0c1fbb1e4e3a0cd9d6160922ad3804e5
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10695" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/10695
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "KmS9dLiOndfIXDjMXd8WE3SPSP8HVStE4FXEgxq1" "uc_cart_id" => "0c1fbb1e4e3a0cd9d6160922ad3804e5" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10695" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-23 21:42:46GET/chapter/106951121910