Frontiers in Drug Discovery

Volume: 2

Ketamine and Glutamatergic Compounds: Exploring Biomarkers and Mechanisms Related to Rapid Antidepressant Action

Author(s): Gislaine Z. Réus, Helena M. Abelaira, Gerard Sanacora and João Quevedo

Pp: 177-200 (24)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681084732117020010

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Over the last two decades, several studies have shown the role that the glutamatergic system plays in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorders (MDD). This theory is supported mainly by the fact that glutamatergic modulators have revealed antidepressant effects in animal models as well as in clinical trials. Many of these compounds have been created to be tested as antidepressants. However, there are many other compounds used in the treatment of non-depressive illnesses that have subsequently been discovered to possess antidepressant properties, one such example being ketamine. Ketamine is an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, and it has shown to improve the symptoms of patients with MDD, including refractory depression. Laboratory studies have mainly investigated the mechanism of action responsible for the rapid and prolonged antidepressant effects presented by NMDA modulators. This chapter will focus on studies which have demonstrated the antidepressant effects of ketamine, as well as other glutamatergic modulators. Data from experimental studies and clinical trials have also been included, and these will demonstrate the biomarkers and mechanisms of action involved behind the effects of fast acting antidepressants.


Keywords: Biomarkers, D-Cycloserine, Fast antidepressant, Glutamatergic modulators, Glutamatergic system, Ketamine, Major depressive disorder, Memantine, N-methyl-D-aspartate, Scopolamine, Sleep deprivation.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739988424 and j.to_date >= 1739988424 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10692) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739988424 and j.to_date >= 1739988424 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10692) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739988424 and j.to_date >= 1739988424 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10692)
      700μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2246 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739988424 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739988424 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.11msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2246
      • 3: 1739988424
      • 4: 1739988424
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='d86813a7040483646cdc26574b4d32aa'
      320μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    11Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        l1Dr8M1wHMz7QcO1MacSxwddVS49FfEXK2ZiMvXq
        uc_cart_id
        d86813a7040483646cdc26574b4d32aa
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10692" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/10692
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 18:07:04GET/chapter/106921121913