Frontiers in Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery

Volume: 8

T Cells in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Role and Therapeutic Strategies

Author(s): Carolina V. De Almeida, Ramon Kaneno and Amedeo Amedei

Pp: 1-28 (28)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681083896117080003

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Conventional treatments of gastrointestinal cancers based on surgical resection and chemotherapy are not enough to eradicate potentially relapsing tumor cells and can also impair the immune system functions. Immunotherapies aim to help the body to eradicate cancer and other diseases, by modulating the immune system. They can be performed by active approaches, usually orchestrated by dendritic cell vaccines that present a specific tumor associated antigen to T cells, or passive approaches, which have the T cells as protagonist, and are based on antitumor antibodies, or adoptive cell transfer. T lymphocyte subsets can exhibit different role face to a tumor scenario, varying from an effective cellular antitumor response to a regulatory participation. Although a lot of protocols to combat cancer progression have been proposed, T cell-based immunotherapies in gastrointestinal cancers are still not approved for clinical applications mainly because of their side effects. Nowadays, promising protocols combining two or more approaches, aiming to create an efficient therapy without or with fewer side effects. In this chapter, we made a review about the role of T cells on cancer, especially focusing on gastrointestinal cancer immunotherapeutic methods.


Keywords: Adoptive immunotherapy, Gastrointestinal cancer, Immunotherapy, Infiltrating lymphocyte, Tumor lymphocyte engineering, T lymphocytes.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309766940 and j.to_ip >=309766940 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497008 and j.to_date >= 1740497008 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10617) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309766940 and j.to_ip >=309766940 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497008 and j.to_date >= 1740497008 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10617) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309766940 and j.to_ip >=309766940 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497008 and j.to_date >= 1740497008 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10617)
      930μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2241 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740497008 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740497008 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.11msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2241
      • 3: 1740497008
      • 4: 1740497008
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='eef84782f57be4e2b5af9cf3363b4cfb'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        UnQKWnC93SWYM4StwpMTB1Brqdapeqrg3hiaSF5P
        uc_cart_id
        eef84782f57be4e2b5af9cf3363b4cfb
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10617" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/10617
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:23:28 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ii9aU0d4TkNabTAyWXhtRlNXRkRaWUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMEozQ016RHNTSDBhTjd6OFNRU2wvUklKakdEUm9wQ0lZc1NmZ2dzblFSZEN2V1BCdFp1WFMwOXEzdDJCM0NObnJGNlFaRU8xandNbGtCV1ptVVM3d0ZlM1g2ZmVsUUxLUnFNeFNOdG5IR3ZtTkJUTHUrMFhXUEcyenJuZ2hUTGciLCJtYWMiOiJlZmQ0ZTcxMmNjNzE4MWI2ZTQyOWM5ZGUwNTM3NjA2ODM3OGU2OWMxYzU1Yjg2NzljZjNiYTc4ZDBkZGUzZjc0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 03:23:28 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ii9aU0d4TkNabTAyWXhtRlNXRkRaWUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMEozQ016RHNTSDBhTjd6OFNRU2wvUklKakdEUm9wQ0lZc1NmZ2dzblFSZEN2V1BCdFp1WFMwOXEzdDJCM0NObnJGNlFaR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkZLM3p3SDZpdXlTYU16SlplcmxBMWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibFpkTFo5K0FBeDREeWhWMDYvWFkzOURKWDN3TnlkTFdvUDljVEdhamRTVmtoSS8zbnREeUVFWklKN0lldHdFMHVaMXkxZ05INlZIaXE4amdGZGcvTnFzVDRnWm5kMm1HcmVFWmwxSFcrZjYwTjNNK09UaG4yd3JnQW50dVpFVHIiLCJtYWMiOiJhZDE5NGFmYzg1MjZjYTYwZjNmZTMwOTU2ZTdhYTgxZmIwMmYzMTgwZmQyZjk1N2E2NTYxNjE4YWM2ZDAwNDM4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkZLM3p3SDZpdXlTYU16SlplcmxBMWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibFpkTFo5K0FBeDREeWhWMDYvWFkzOURKWDN3TnlkTFdvUDljVEdhamRTVmtoSS8zbnREeUVFWkl" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ii9aU0d4TkNabTAyWXhtRlNXRkRaWUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMEozQ016RHNTSDBhTjd6OFNRU2wvUklKakdEUm9wQ0lZc1NmZ2dzblFSZEN2V1BCdFp1WFMwOXEzdDJCM0NObnJGNlFaRU8xandNbGtCV1ptVVM3d0ZlM1g2ZmVsUUxLUnFNeFNOdG5IR3ZtTkJUTHUrMFhXUEcyenJuZ2hUTGciLCJtYWMiOiJlZmQ0ZTcxMmNjNzE4MWI2ZTQyOWM5ZGUwNTM3NjA2ODM3OGU2OWMxYzU1Yjg2NzljZjNiYTc4ZDBkZGUzZjc0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 03:23:28 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ii9aU0d4TkNabTAyWXhtRlNXRkRaWUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMEozQ016RHNTSDBhTjd6OFNRU2wvUklKakdEUm9wQ0lZc1NmZ2dzblFSZEN2V1BCdFp1WFMwOXEzdDJCM0NObnJGNlFaR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkZLM3p3SDZpdXlTYU16SlplcmxBMWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibFpkTFo5K0FBeDREeWhWMDYvWFkzOURKWDN3TnlkTFdvUDljVEdhamRTVmtoSS8zbnREeUVFWklKN0lldHdFMHVaMXkxZ05INlZIaXE4amdGZGcvTnFzVDRnWm5kMm1HcmVFWmwxSFcrZjYwTjNNK09UaG4yd3JnQW50dVpFVHIiLCJtYWMiOiJhZDE5NGFmYzg1MjZjYTYwZjNmZTMwOTU2ZTdhYTgxZmIwMmYzMTgwZmQyZjk1N2E2NTYxNjE4YWM2ZDAwNDM4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkZLM3p3SDZpdXlTYU16SlplcmxBMWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibFpkTFo5K0FBeDREeWhWMDYvWFkzOURKWDN3TnlkTFdvUDljVEdhamRTVmtoSS8zbnREeUVFWkl" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "UnQKWnC93SWYM4StwpMTB1Brqdapeqrg3hiaSF5P" "uc_cart_id" => "eef84782f57be4e2b5af9cf3363b4cfb" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10617" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 15:23:28GET/chapter/10617112198