Frontiers in Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research

Volume: 6

Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: The Challenges and the Opportunities

Author(s): Chen Kan, Lijun Chen, Yangyang Hu, Haimei Lu and Lixin Kan

Pp: 71-104 (34)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681084770117060005

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Regenerative medicine generally aims at re-establishing the normal functions by replacing the damaged body parts through stem cells or other biomedical approaches. The tremendous opportunities of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine have long been recognized. However, this potential “off-theshelf” therapeutic product is still facing daunting challenges. In this chapter, we intend to update the recent progresses and highlight the opportunities and the key challenges in the field. Our discussion has direct implications for identifying new directions for the future basic research as well as clinical applications of MSCs.


Keywords: Autoimmune diseases, Bone and cartilage diseases, Cell surface markers, Cell therapy, Cell transplantation, Clinical trial, Degenerative diseases, Immunomodulation, Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), “Off-the-shelf” therapeutic product, Pre-clinical investigation, Regenerative medicine, Safety profile, Tissue repair, Tissue engineering, Translational applications.

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      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
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      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
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      570μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
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      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
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      740μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      530μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59777354 and j.to_ip >=59777354 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740775423 and j.to_date >= 1740775423 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10608) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59777354 and j.to_ip >=59777354 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740775423 and j.to_date >= 1740775423 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10608) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59777354 and j.to_ip >=59777354 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740775423 and j.to_date >= 1740775423 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10608)
      1.02msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2240 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740775423 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740775423 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.52msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2240
      • 3: 1740775423
      • 4: 1740775423
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='b72506e8983f9447b7dfdb1a7d32c8ec'
      390μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:291
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    16Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        xwxc8mY2GLQUcu2ZXitbdgTcoJgDmgpiyd97AtoP
        uc_cart_id
        b72506e8983f9447b7dfdb1a7d32c8ec
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10608" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/10608
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Fri, 28 Feb 2025 20:43:43 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im5JN1U5bktVVjU2SnJpclJyQWNiVmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicVYwcGgyYlZhbnQ1SHpPQXAxZWc0alh2WW1VaHphNVNMbXpRaU5jT2N1enJ1SmZlYWpFcXExQkhTQUVXdU0zS2hIbzhZNkh5amsrM2tWbld3RkZnemJ5UXBON0pTSmNyYU1HR3hiL3AvbkEvSlFuQ1F1bFQ4dUFESnJhUWk3QmgiLCJtYWMiOiI4NjY4ZDE5Y2IyMzE5NzA0NzgzMzIxNGFmMjE1MzZiZmJmZDhkMzE5YjczNDVkZDNmNTVkMWRhYmYxMDI4MWFiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Mon, 03 Mar 2025 08:43:43 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im5JN1U5bktVVjU2SnJpclJyQWNiVmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicVYwcGgyYlZhbnQ1SHpPQXAxZWc0alh2WW1VaHphNVNMbXpRaU5jT2N1enJ1SmZlYWpFcXExQkhTQUVXdU0zS2hIbzhZN" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InJDWjBqNFlubitZWnowR0RZUWcrQ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTitvcWplbzZ4K3Y0SFBjUjE3SjVRNnc3NVpScWlsK1NCQUt5K3FNK1phUXd4amJCQ3R0UmRObnlmYlhHQUtVZDhSdnFRemN1Z2VIam9iRnN5U2lOSzZhYjJTYU5SMWVDWmd6dFE5NWxRd3R3VEVFajFaSFdGRloycEk0eURVWHUiLCJtYWMiOiJiMWQ5MWNjYjhkNjkzZmM5ODY4OTBiOGIxZjFmN2E5MGQzYmU3ZjA1MTE4NGM4OGU1MTE3OTQwNWM5OWZkYmI0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InJDWjBqNFlubitZWnowR0RZUWcrQ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTitvcWplbzZ4K3Y0SFBjUjE3SjVRNnc3NVpScWlsK1NCQUt5K3FNK1phUXd4amJCQ3R0UmRObnl" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im5JN1U5bktVVjU2SnJpclJyQWNiVmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicVYwcGgyYlZhbnQ1SHpPQXAxZWc0alh2WW1VaHphNVNMbXpRaU5jT2N1enJ1SmZlYWpFcXExQkhTQUVXdU0zS2hIbzhZNkh5amsrM2tWbld3RkZnemJ5UXBON0pTSmNyYU1HR3hiL3AvbkEvSlFuQ1F1bFQ4dUFESnJhUWk3QmgiLCJtYWMiOiI4NjY4ZDE5Y2IyMzE5NzA0NzgzMzIxNGFmMjE1MzZiZmJmZDhkMzE5YjczNDVkZDNmNTVkMWRhYmYxMDI4MWFiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Mon, 03-Mar-2025 08:43:43 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im5JN1U5bktVVjU2SnJpclJyQWNiVmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicVYwcGgyYlZhbnQ1SHpPQXAxZWc0alh2WW1VaHphNVNMbXpRaU5jT2N1enJ1SmZlYWpFcXExQkhTQUVXdU0zS2hIbzhZN" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InJDWjBqNFlubitZWnowR0RZUWcrQ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTitvcWplbzZ4K3Y0SFBjUjE3SjVRNnc3NVpScWlsK1NCQUt5K3FNK1phUXd4amJCQ3R0UmRObnlmYlhHQUtVZDhSdnFRemN1Z2VIam9iRnN5U2lOSzZhYjJTYU5SMWVDWmd6dFE5NWxRd3R3VEVFajFaSFdGRloycEk0eURVWHUiLCJtYWMiOiJiMWQ5MWNjYjhkNjkzZmM5ODY4OTBiOGIxZjFmN2E5MGQzYmU3ZjA1MTE4NGM4OGU1MTE3OTQwNWM5OWZkYmI0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InJDWjBqNFlubitZWnowR0RZUWcrQ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTitvcWplbzZ4K3Y0SFBjUjE3SjVRNnc3NVpScWlsK1NCQUt5K3FNK1phUXd4amJCQ3R0UmRObnl" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "xwxc8mY2GLQUcu2ZXitbdgTcoJgDmgpiyd97AtoP" "uc_cart_id" => "b72506e8983f9447b7dfdb1a7d32c8ec" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10608" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-28 20:43:43GET/chapter/106081121918