Andrology: Current and Future Developments

Biochemical Changes in the Reproductive Function of the Aging Male

Author(s): Susana P. Almeida and Luís Rato

Pp: 389-411 (23)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681085005117010016

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) is a situation where a middle-aged or older man has low serum testosterone in conjunction with diffuse symptoms resembling those of genuine male hypogonadism. Testosterone replacement therapy has become a popular choice for the treatment of LOH. Aging is a process that includes irreversible changes because of a large variety of endogenous and environmental factors. Paternal aging also causes genetic and epigenetic changes in spermatozoa that damage male reproductive functions through adverse effects on sperm quality and count, as well as on sexual organs and also on the hypothalamic-pituitary testicular axis. If on one hand, hormone production, spermatogenesis, and testes undergo changes as a man ages, on the other hand, the offspring of older fathers show high prevalence of genetic abnormalities, childhood cancers, and several disorders. Information on the impact of age on male fertility is of growing importance, therefore, further studies should investigate the onset of changes in the reproductive function and its effects on aging men. The aim of this chapter is to briefly discuss the effects of aging on the male reproductive system and function.


Keywords: Aging, Epigenetics, Infertility, Late-onset hypogonadism, Male fertility, Oxidative stress, Paternal age, Replacement therapy, Semen parameters, Spermatogenesis, Spermatozoa, Testes, Testosterone.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316481725 and j.to_ip >=316481725 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740528348 and j.to_date >= 1740528348 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10581) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316481725 and j.to_ip >=316481725 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740528348 and j.to_date >= 1740528348 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10581) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316481725 and j.to_ip >=316481725 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740528348 and j.to_date >= 1740528348 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10581)
      620μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2238 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740528348 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740528348 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.13msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2238
      • 3: 1740528348
      • 4: 1740528348
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='71a1a74653b8d9f21d76c90b8c431ee9'
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    13Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        jSPlO7hZYKkSWZMm036xY96OhCvlvzLesM3Ko2MS
        uc_cart_id
        71a1a74653b8d9f21d76c90b8c431ee9
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10581" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/10581
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:8 [ "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "keep-alive" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 26 Feb 2025 00:05:48 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjZsb3pHM2d4amxsc1RaS1BWZExBZ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMDY1SHMvTVp5QjlzSEEvMzBIQ1FrWkN3NjkzYkJQZ0RLNUw2N1hTVFB1MlhZaU1meUorbVZRMVRLaWxrQnMvaWdZcktpQlYzaHlXeE5aWGhwcFpMV01DTHJUa3ZKS3FKZXRLVFR1YThHenZmWGdPdWk5dDIwREZvYjdtZHlLYngiLCJtYWMiOiI0YTc3ZmJjNWVhZjc4NjFmNzJkODg4ZWJkMmE3OTEzOWQ4YjEzZWU1ZTFmODJiOGVmN2E5Y2EwNTY3ODgyNjA3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 12:05:48 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjZsb3pHM2d4amxsc1RaS1BWZExBZ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMDY1SHMvTVp5QjlzSEEvMzBIQ1FrWkN3NjkzYkJQZ0RLNUw2N1hTVFB1MlhZaU1meUorbVZRMVRLaWxrQnMvaWdZcktpQ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkhDZU5Qdk4zN1U2SGpsUmZtT2FNdHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiODdHbS9WSUthKzZBZ21CdWY4R0owMzhCckRvcFBPVHRKM2h4ZVpnZ3VSb0sycUpsbDhKYWt4b2RFTkUyam9FRnJNS1RhcG9GNEFKVVZjMmVCZXduSnlzRzdTbHhhbnNrOWl0NmVvUXZsS1RzcDVITUVJOW5wREVKdGVwZGZHSjUiLCJtYWMiOiI4MmUzZWZlODU5YjU0YjIxZjEzNTFhN2FhNzM4ZmI2M2E5MTE4ZjAxODJjZTJjMmZmYWQzOGRlYzM1OGRmZDc1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkhDZU5Qdk4zN1U2SGpsUmZtT2FNdHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiODdHbS9WSUthKzZBZ21CdWY4R0owMzhCckRvcFBPVHRKM2h4ZVpnZ3VSb0sycUpsbDhKYWt4b2R" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjZsb3pHM2d4amxsc1RaS1BWZExBZ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMDY1SHMvTVp5QjlzSEEvMzBIQ1FrWkN3NjkzYkJQZ0RLNUw2N1hTVFB1MlhZaU1meUorbVZRMVRLaWxrQnMvaWdZcktpQlYzaHlXeE5aWGhwcFpMV01DTHJUa3ZKS3FKZXRLVFR1YThHenZmWGdPdWk5dDIwREZvYjdtZHlLYngiLCJtYWMiOiI0YTc3ZmJjNWVhZjc4NjFmNzJkODg4ZWJkMmE3OTEzOWQ4YjEzZWU1ZTFmODJiOGVmN2E5Y2EwNTY3ODgyNjA3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 12:05:48 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjZsb3pHM2d4amxsc1RaS1BWZExBZ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMDY1SHMvTVp5QjlzSEEvMzBIQ1FrWkN3NjkzYkJQZ0RLNUw2N1hTVFB1MlhZaU1meUorbVZRMVRLaWxrQnMvaWdZcktpQ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkhDZU5Qdk4zN1U2SGpsUmZtT2FNdHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiODdHbS9WSUthKzZBZ21CdWY4R0owMzhCckRvcFBPVHRKM2h4ZVpnZ3VSb0sycUpsbDhKYWt4b2RFTkUyam9FRnJNS1RhcG9GNEFKVVZjMmVCZXduSnlzRzdTbHhhbnNrOWl0NmVvUXZsS1RzcDVITUVJOW5wREVKdGVwZGZHSjUiLCJtYWMiOiI4MmUzZWZlODU5YjU0YjIxZjEzNTFhN2FhNzM4ZmI2M2E5MTE4ZjAxODJjZTJjMmZmYWQzOGRlYzM1OGRmZDc1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkhDZU5Qdk4zN1U2SGpsUmZtT2FNdHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiODdHbS9WSUthKzZBZ21CdWY4R0owMzhCckRvcFBPVHRKM2h4ZVpnZ3VSb0sycUpsbDhKYWt4b2R" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "jSPlO7hZYKkSWZMm036xY96OhCvlvzLesM3Ko2MS" "uc_cart_id" => "71a1a74653b8d9f21d76c90b8c431ee9" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/10581" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-26 00:05:48GET/chapter/105811121915