[2]
Barnes, P.J. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin. Chest Med., 2014, 35(1), 71-86.
[3]
Postma, D.S.; Bush, A.; van den Berge, M. Risk factors and early origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet, 2015, 385(9971), 899-909.
[4]
Castaldi, P.J.; Cho, M.H.; San José Estépar, R.; McDonald, M.L.; Laird, N.; Beaty, T.H.; Washko, G.; Crapo, J.D.; Silverman, E.K. Genome-wide association identifies regulatory Loci associated with distinct local histogram emphysema patterns. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2014, 190(4), 399-409.
[5]
Schamberger, A.C.; Mise, N.; Meiners, S.; Eickelberg, O. Epigenetic mechanisms in COPD: Implications for pathogenesis and drug discovery. Expert Opin. Drug Discov., 2014, 9(6), 609-628.
[6]
Sherman, R.E.; Anderson, S.A.; Dal Pan, G.J.; Gray, G.W.; Gross, T.; Hunter, N.L.; LaVange, L.; Marinac-Dabic, D.; Marks, P.W.; Robb, M.A.; Shuren, J.; Temple, R.; Woodcock, J.; Yue, L.Q.; Califf, R.M. Real-world evidence - what is it and what can it tell us? N. Engl. J. Med., 2016, 375(23), 2293-2297.
[7]
Price, D.; Hillyer, E.V.; van der Molen, T. Efficacy versus effectiveness trials: Informing guidelines for asthma management. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2013, 13(1), 50-57.
[8]
Woodruff, P.G.; Agusti, A.; Roche, N.; Singh, D.; Martinez, F.J. Current concepts in targeting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pharmacotherapy: Making progress towards personalised management. Lancet, 2015, 385(9979), 1789-1798.
[9]
van Schayck, C.P.; Folgering, H.; Harbers, H.; Maas, K.L.; van Weel, C. Effects of allergy and age on responses to salbutamol and ipratropium bromide in moderate asthma and chronic bronchitis. Thorax, 1991, 46(5), 355-359.
[10]
Donohue, J.F.; Fogarty, C.; Lötvall, J.; Mahler, D.A.; Worth, H.; Yorgancioglu, A.; Iqbal, A.; Swales, J.; Owen, R.; Higgins, M.; Kramer, B. Once-daily bronchodilators for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Indacaterol versus tiotropium. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2010, 182(2), 155-162.
[11]
Barnes, P. Bronchodilators: basic pharmacology. In: Calverley
PMA, Pride NB, eds; Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease. London: Chapman and Hall, 1995; pp. 391-417.
[12]
Disse, B.; Speck, G.A.; Rominger, K.L.; Witek, T.J., Jr; Hammer, R. Tiotropium (Spiriva): mechanistical considerations and clinical profile in obstructive lung disease. Life Sci., 1999, 64(6-7), 457-464.
[13]
Murciano, D.; Auclair, M.H.; Pariente, R.; Aubier, M. A randomized, controlled trial of theophylline in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 1989, 320(23), 1521-1525.
[14]
Taylor, D.R.; Buick, B.; Kinney, C.; Lowry, R.C.; McDevitt, D.G. The efficacy of orally administered theophylline, inhaled salbutamol, and a combination of the two as chronic therapy in the management of chronic bronchitis with reversible air-flow obstruction. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1985, 131(5), 747-751.
[15]
Fabbri, L.M.; Calverley, P.M.; Izquierdo-Alonso, J.L.; Bundschuh, D.S.; Brose, M.; Martinez, F.J.; Rabe, K.F. M2-127 and M2-128 study groups. Rofumilast in moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with longacting bronchodilators: Two randomised clinical trials. Lancet, 2009, 374, 695-703.
[16]
Rabe, K.F. Update on roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2011, 163(1), 53-67.
[17]
Martinez, F.J.; Calverley, P.M.; Goehring, U.M.; Brose, M.; Fabbri, L.M.; Rabe, K.F. Effect of roflumilast on exacerbations in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease uncontrolled by combination therapy (REACT): A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2015, 385(9971), 857-866.
[18]
McDonald, C.F.; Khor, Y. Advances in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Intern. Med. J., 2013, 43(8), 854-862.
[19]
Müllerova, H.; Maselli, D.J.; Locantore, N.; Vestbo, J.; Hurst, J.R.; Wedzicha, J.A.; Bakke, P.; Agusti, A.; Anzueto, A. Hospitalized exacerbations of COPD: risk factors and outcomes in the ECLIPSE cohort. Chest, 2015, 147(4), 999-1007.
[20]
Walters, J.A.; Tan, D.J.; White, C.J.; Gibson, P.G.; Wood-Baker, R.; Walters, E.H. Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2014, 9(9)CD001288
[21]
Karner, C.; Cates, C.J. Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta(2)-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus tiotropium or combination alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2011, 3(3)CD008532
[22]
Horita, N.; Goto, A.; Shibata, Y.; Ota, E.; Nakashima, K.; Nagai, K.; Kaneko, T. Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2017, 2CD012066
[23]
Postma, D.S.; Calverley, P. Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: A case in favour. Eur. Respir. J., 2009, 34(1), 10-12.
[24]
Suissa, S.; Barnes, P.J. Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: The case against. Eur. Respir. J., 2009, 34(1), 13-16.
[26]
Casanova, C.; Coté, C.; Marin, J.M.; Pinto-Plata, V.; de Torres, J.P.; Aguirre-Jaíme, A.; Vassaux, C.; Celli, B.R. Distance and oxygen desaturation during the 6-min walk test as predictors of long-term mortality in patients with COPD. Chest, 2008, 134(4), 746-752.
[27]
Enfield, K.; Gammon, S.; Floyd, J.; Falt, C.; Patrie, J.; Platts-Mills, T.A.; Truwit, J.D.; Shim, Y.M. Six-minute walk distance in patients with severe end-stage COPD: association with survival after inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev., 2010, 30(3), 195-202.
[28]
Spruit, M.A.; Polkey, M.I.; Celli, B.; Edwards, L.D.; Watkins, M.L.; Pinto-Plata, V.; Vestbo, J.; Calverley, P.M.; Tal-Singer, R.; Agusti, A.; Coxson, H.O.; Lomas, D.A.; MacNee, W.; Rennard, S.; Silverman, E.K.; Crim, C.C.; Yates, J.; Wouters, E.F. Predicting outcomes from 6-minute walk distance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc., 2012, 13(3), 291-297.
[29]
Takahashi, S.; Betsuyaku, T. The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comorbidity spectrum in Japan differs from that in western countries. Respir. Investig., 2015, 53(6), 259-270.
[30]
McGarvey, L.P.; John, M.; Anderson, J.A.; Zvarich, M.; Wise, R.A. Ascertainment of cause-specific mortality in COPD: operations of the TORCH Clinical Endpoint Committee. Thorax, 2007, 62(5), 411-415.
[31]
Incalzi, R.A.; Scarlata, S.; Pennazza, G.; Santonico, M.; Pedone, C. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the elderly. Eur. J. Intern. Med., 2014, 25(4), 320-328.
[32]
Vanfleteren, L.E.; Spruit, M.A.; Groenen, M.; Gaffron, S.; van Empel, V.P.; Bruijnzeel, P.L.; Rutten, E.P.; Op ’t Roodt, J.; Wouters, E.F.; Franssen, F.M. Clusters of comorbidities based on validated objective measurements and systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2013, 187(7), 728-735.