Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the world-wide healthcare problem that involves the heart or blood vessels. CVD includes myocardial infarction and coronary artery diseases (CAD). Dysfunctional myocardial cells are leading causes of low cardiac output or ventricular dysfunction after cardiac arrest and may contribute to the progression of CVD which could not generate new cardiomyocytes in human adult heart. The mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which are present in adult marrow can self-renew and have the capacity of differentiation into multiple types of cells including cardiomyocytes. Recent biochemical analyses greatly revealed that several regulators of MSCs, such as HGF, PDGF, Wnt, and Notch-1 signaling pathways have been shown to be involved in the proliferation and differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Preclinical studies are paving the way for further applications of MSCs in the repair of myocardial infarction. In this study, we discuss and summarize the paracrine mechanisms involved in MSCs differentiation into cardiomyocytes.
Keywords: Cardiovascular disease (CVP), Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), Cardiomyocytes, Signaling pathways, Paracrine mechanisms, myocardial infarction.
[1]
Mendis S, Puska P, Norrving B, Organization WH. Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control 2011.
[2]
Doppler SA, Deutsch M-A, Lange R, Krane M. Cardiac regeneration: current therapies-future concepts. J Thorac Dis 2013; 5: 683.
[3]
Anderson KM, Odell PM, Wilson PW, Kannel WB. Cardiovascular disease risk profiles. Am Heart J 1991; 121: 293-8.
[4]
Bayeva M, Sawicki KT, Butler J, Gheorghiade M, Ardehali H. Molecular and cellular basis of viable dysfunctional myocardium. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 7: 680-91.
[5]
Jentzer JC, Chonde MD, Dezfulian C. Myocardial dysfunction and shock after cardiac arrest. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015: 1-14.
[6]
Toma C, Pittenger MF, Cahill KS, Byrne BJ, Kessler PD. Human mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to a cardiomyocyte phenotype in the adult murine heart. Circulation 2002; 105: 93-8.
[7]
Khoshnam SE, Winlow W, Farzaneh M, Farbood Y, Moghaddam HF. Pathogenic mechanisms following ischemic stroke. Neurol Sci 2017; 38: 1167-86.
[8]
Khoshnam SE, Winlow W, Farbood Y, Moghaddam HF, Farzaneh M. Emerging roles of microRNAs in ischemic stroke: As possible therapeutic agents. J Stroke 2017; 19: 166.
[9]
Khoshnam SE, Sarkaki A, Khorsandi L, et al. Vanillic acid attenuates effects of transient bilateral common carotid occlusion and reperfusion in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96: 667-74.
[10]
Khoshnam SE, Farbood Y, Moghaddam HF, et al. Vanillic acid attenuates cerebral hyperemia, blood-brain barrier disruption and anxiety-like behaviors in rats following transient bilateral common carotid occlusion and reperfusion. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33(3): 1-9.
[11]
Kessler P, Byrne B. Myoblast cell grafting into heart muscle: cellular biology and potential applications. Annu Rev Physiol 1999; 61: 219-42.
[12]
Dezawa M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, et al. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science 2005; 309: 314-7.
[13]
Carvalho E, Verma P, Hourigan K, Banerjee R. Myocardial infarction: stem cell transplantation for cardiac regeneration. Regen Med 2015; 10: 1025-43.
[14]
Aggarwal S, Pittenger MF. Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses. Blood 2005; 105: 1815-22.
[15]
Haynesworth S, Goshima J, Goldberg V, Caplan A. Characterization of cells with osteogenic potential from human marrow. Bone 1992; 13: 81-8.
[16]
Nagaya N, Kangawa K, Itoh T, et al. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells improves cardiac function in a rat model of dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2005; 112: 1128-35.
[18]
Matkovich SJ, Wang W, Tu Y, et al. MicroRNA-133a protects against myocardial fibrosis and modulates electrical repolarization without affecting hypertrophy in pressure overloaded adult hearts. Circ Res 2010; 106: 166.
[19]
Uccelli A, Moretta L, Pistoia V. Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8: 726-36.
[20]
Jiang Y, Jahagirdar BN, Reinhardt RL, et al. Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature 2002; 418: 41-9.
[21]
Augello A, Kurth TB, De Bari C. Mesenchymal stem cells: A perspective from in vitro cultures to in vivo migration and niches. Eur Cell Mater 2010; 20: e33.
[24]
Baksh D, Song L, Tuan R. Adult mesenchymal stem cells: Characterization, differentiation, and application in cell and gene therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2004; 8: 301-16.
[25]
Farzaneh M, Khoshnam S, Mozdziak P. Concise review: Avian multipotent stem cells as a novel tool for investigating cell-based therapies. J Dairy Vet Anim Res 2017; 5: 00125.
[26]
Quevedo HC, Hatzistergos KE, Oskouei BN, et al. Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells restore cardiac function in chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy via trilineage differentiating capacity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2009; 106: 14022-7.
[27]
Chamberlain G, Fox J, Ashton B, Middleton J. Concise review: Mesenchymal stem cells: Their phenotype, differentiation capacity, immunological features, and potential for homing. Stem Cells 2007; 25: 2739-49.
[28]
Singh A, Singh A, Sen D. Mesenchymal stem cells in cardiac regeneration: A detailed progress report of the last 6 years (2010–2015). Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7: 82.
[29]
Monsefi M, Parvin F, Farzaneh M. Effects of plum extract on skeletal system of fetal and newborn mice. Med Princ Pract 2013; 22: 351-6.
[30]
Yuan Y, Du W, Liu J, et al. Stem cell-derived exosome in cardiovascular diseases: Macro Roles of micro particles. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9: 547.
[31]
Zhang J, Li S, Li L, et al. Exosome and exosomal microRNA: trafficking, sorting, and function. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics 2015; 13: 17-24.
[32]
Hu M, Guo G, Huang Q, et al. The harsh microenvironment in infarcted heart accelerates transplanted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells injury: The role of injured cardiomyocytes-derived exosomes. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9: 357.
[33]
Mayourian J, Ceholski D, Gorski P, et al. Exosomal microRNA-21-5p mediates mesenchymal stem cell paracrine effects on human cardiac tissue contractility. Circ Res 2018; 122(7): 933-44.
[34]
Amosse J, Martinez MC, Le Lay S. Extracellular vesicles and cardiovascular disease therapy. Stem Cell Invest 2017; p. 4.
[35]
Suzuki E, Fujita D, Takahashi M, Oba S, Nishimatsu H. Stem cell-derived exosomes as a therapeutic tool for cardiovascular disease. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8: 297.
[36]
Kawada H, Fujita J, Kinjo K, et al. Nonhematopoietic mesenchymal stem cells can be mobilized and differentiate into cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction. Blood 2004; 104: 3581-7.
[37]
Xu W, Zhang X, Qian H, et al. Mesenchymal stern cells from adult human bone marrow differentiate into a cardiomyocyte phenotype in vitro. Exp Biol Med 2004; 229: 623-31.
[38]
Shen X, Pan B, Zhou H, et al. Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into cardiomyocytes is regulated by miRNA-1-2 via WNT signaling pathway. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24: 29.
[39]
Okura H, Matsuyama A, Lee C-M, et al. Cardiomyoblast-like cells differentiated from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells improve left ventricular dysfunction and survival in a rat myocardial infarction model. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2009; 16: 417-25.
[40]
Deans RJ, Moseley AB. Mesenchymal stem cells: Biology and potential clinical uses. Expert Hematol 2000; 28: 875-84.
[41]
Barry FP, Murphy JM. Mesenchymal stem cells: Clinical applications and biological characterization. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36: 568-84.
[42]
Madl CM, Heilshorn SC, Blau HM. Bioengineering strategies to accelerate stem cell therapeutics. Nature 2018; 557: 335.
[43]
Duan H-F, Wu C-T, Wu D-L, et al. Treatment of myocardial ischemia with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing hepatocyte growth factor. Mol Ther 2003; 8: 467-74.
[44]
Forte G, Minieri M, Cossa P, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor effects on mesenchymal stem cells: Proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Stem Cells 2006; 24: 23-33.
[45]
Jiang Y, Vaessen B, Lenvik T, et al. Multipotent progenitor cells can be isolated from postnatal murine bone marrow, muscle, and brain. Expert Hematol 2002; 30: 896-904.
[47]
Tsutsumi S, Shimazu A, Miyazaki K, et al. Retention of multilineage differentiation potential of mesenchymal cells during proliferation in response to FGF. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 288: 413-9.
[48]
Zaragosi LE, Ailhaud G, Dani C. Autocrine fibroblast growth factor 2 signaling is critical for self‐renewal of human multipotent adipose‐derived stem cells. Stem Cells 2006; 24: 2412-9.
[49]
Xaymardan M, Tang L, Zagreda L, et al. Platelet-derived growth factor-AB promotes the generation of adult bone marrow–derived cardiac myocytes. Circ Res 2004; 94: e39-45.
[50]
Kléber M, Sommer L. Wnt signaling and the regulation of stem cell function. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2004; 16: 681-7.
[51]
Boland GM, Perkins G, Hall DJ, Tuan RS. Wnt 3a promotes proliferation and suppresses osteogenic differentiation of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2004; 93: 1210-30.
[52]
Li H, Yu B, Zhang Y, et al. Jagged1 protein enhances the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341: 320-5.
[53]
Wakitani S, Saito T, Caplan AI. Myogenic cells derived from rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells exposed to 5‐azacytidine. Muscle & Nerve 1995; 18: 1417-26.
[54]
Wang HS, Hung SC, Peng ST, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells in the Wharton’s jelly of the human umbilical cord. Stem Cells 2004; 22: 1330-7.
[55]
Gao Q, Guo M, Jiang X, et al. A cocktail method for promoting cardiomyocyte differentiation from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Int 2014 2014.
[56]
Pittenger MF, Martin BJ. Mesenchymal stem cells and their potential as cardiac therapeutics. Circ Res 2004; 95: 9-20.
[57]
Farzaneh M, Attari F, Khoshnam SE. Concise review: LIN28/let-7 signaling, a critical double-negative feedback loop during pluripotency, reprogramming, and tumorigenicity. Cell Rep 2017; 19: 289-93.
[58]
Khoshnam SE, Winlow W, Farzaneh M. The interplay of microRNAs in the inflammatory mechanisms following ischemic stroke. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 7: 548-61.
[59]
Kwon C, Han Z, Olson EN, Srivastava D. MicroRNA1 influences cardiac differentiation in Drosophila and regulates Notch signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 18986-91.
[60]
Huang F, Tang L, Fang Z-f, et al. miR-1-mediated induction of cardiogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells via downregulation of Hes-1. Biomed Res Int 2012; 1-9.
[61]
Gronthos S, Zannettino AC, Hay SJ, et al. Molecular and cellular characterisation of highly purified stromal stem cells derived from human bone marrow. J Cell Sci 2003; 116: 1827-35.
[62]
Simmons PJ, Torok-Storb B. Identification of stromal cell precursors in human bone marrow by a novel monoclonal antibody, STRO-1. Blood 1991; 78: 55-62.
[63]
Haynesworth S, Barer M, Caplan A. Cell surface antigens on human marrow-derived mesenchymal cells are detected by monoclonal antibodies. Bone 1992; 13: 69-80.
[64]
Kolf CM, Cho E, Tuan RS. Mesenchymal stromal cells: Biology of adult mesenchymal stem cells: Regulation of niche, self-renewal and differentiation. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9: 204.
[65]
Huh C-G, Factor VM, Sánchez A, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor/c-met signaling pathway is required for efficient liver regeneration and repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 4477-82.
[66]
Peruzzi B, Bottaro DP. Targeting the c-Met signaling pathway in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12: 3657-60.
[67]
Rappolee DA, Iyer A, Patel Y. Hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor are expressed in cardiac myocytes during early cardiogenesis. Circ Res 1996; 78: 1028-36.
[68]
Kratchmarova I, Blagoev B, Haack-Sorensen M, Kassem M, Mann M. Mechanism of divergent growth factor effects in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Science 2005; 308: 1472-7.
[69]
Zhao L, Liu X, Zhang Y, et al. Enhanced cell survival and paracrine effects of mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing hepatocyte growth factor promote cardioprotection in myocardial infarction. Exp Cell Res 2016; 344: 30-9.
[70]
Chen A-L, Ou C-W, He Z-C, et al. Effect of hepatocyte growth factor and angiotensin II on rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45: 1150-6.
[71]
Peng KY, Liu YH, Li YW, Yen BL, Yen ML. Extracellular matrix protein laminin enhances Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) paracrine function through αvβ3/CD61 integrin to reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21: 1572-83.
[72]
Heldin C-H. Targeting the PDGF signaling pathway in tumor treatment. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11: 97.
[73]
Sachinidis A, Gissel C, Nierhoff D, et al. Identification of plateled-derived growth factor-BB as cardiogenesis-inducing factor in mouse embryonic stem cells under serum-free conditions. Cell Physiol Biochem 2003; 13: 423-9.
[74]
Moghadam FH, Tayebi T, Barzegar K. Differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes and cardiomyocytes after treatment with platelet lysate. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2016; 10: 21.
[76]
Ling L, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Wnt signaling controls the fate of mesenchymal stem cells. Gene 2009; 433: 1-7.
[77]
Zhao Y, Ransom JF, Li A, et al. Dysregulation of cardiogenesis, cardiac conduction, and cell cycle in mice lacking miRNA-1-2. Cell 2007; 129: 303-17.
[78]
Shang Y, Zhang C, Wang S, et al. Activated β-catenin induces myogenesis and inhibits adipogenesis in BM-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy 2007; 9: 667-81.
[79]
Huang F, Tang L, Fang Z-F, et al. Corrigendum to “miR-1- mediated induction of cardiogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells via downregulation of Hes-1”. Biomed Res Int 2016 2016.
[80]
Gude NA, Emmanuel G, Wu W, et al. Activation of notch-mediated protective signaling in the myocardium. Circ Res 2008; 102: 1025-35.
[81]
Lai EC. Notch signaling: Control of cell communication and cell fate. Development 2004; 131: 965-73.
[82]
Sassoli C, Pini A, Mazzanti B, et al. Mesenchymal stromal cells affect cardiomyocyte growth through juxtacrine Notch-1/Jagged-1 signaling and paracrine mechanisms: Clues for cardiac regeneration. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 51: 399-408.
[83]
Rangappa S, Entwistle JW, Wechsler AS, Kresh JY. Cardiomyocyte-mediated contact programs human mesenchymal stem cells to express cardiogenic phenotype. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 126: 124-32.
[84]
Rangappa S, Fen C, Lee EH, Bongso A, Wei ESK. Transformation of adult mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the fatty tissue into cardiomyocytes. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75: 775-9.
[85]
Silva GV, Litovsky S, Assad JA, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into an endothelial phenotype, enhance vascular density, and improve heart function in a canine chronic ischemia model. Circulation 2005; 111: 150-6.
Article Metrics
36
12