Abstract
Background: The electrochemical determination of nicotine was investigated at the poly (alizarin red S) modified graphene/screen printed carbon electrode (poly (ARS)-GR/SPCE). The peak value of nicotine at poly (ARS)-GR/SPCE was increased comparing with the unmodified GR/SPCE, suggesting that the disposable GR/SPCE was efficiently modified by poly (ARS) to fabricate the good working area. Characterization of the modified electrode was realized with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Under ideal experimental conditions, differential pulse voltammetry of nicotine showed oxidation at +600 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) in phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0.
Methods: The standard calibration curve was achieved in the nicotine (NIC) concentration range of 30–1000 µM and the detection limit was found to be 4.6 µM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The poly (ARS) modified disposable GR/SPCE can be employed for the direct evaluation of NIC in real electronic cigarette juice and real-world water samples with satisfactory results. Finally, the method was performed to the electrochemical assay of NIC in food samples with unsatisfactory results. Results: A rapid and simple procedure of constructing an effective alternative modified electrode for NIC detection was established by electrochemical polymerization of ARS in PBS. The developed method has a higher electrochemical activity toward the oxidation of nicotine as compared with that for either SPCE or GR modified SPCE. This electrochemical approach uses miniaturized detection system, and portable devices to allow simple, rapid and onsite measurements. The poly(ARS) modified GR/SPCE may serve as a voltammetric sensor for NIC detection and can also be used as an electroanalytical method in the quality control process for other tobacco products and water samples. This approach could be an alternative procedure for the assay of nicotine in the future with its sufficient long term stability, sensitivity and good reproducibility. Conclusion: In recent years, there has been increased interest in the detection of nicotine in several often consumed vegetables and fruits, as well as in some of their processed products. In this study, the detection of NIC in food matrices was examined without solid phase extraction. According to the obtained recoveries (27-34%), the voltammetric detection of nicotine in spiked mixtures are not quantitive. The detection of NIC in vegetables and fruit samples represents a laborious a problem for the analytical researcher because of nicotine’s basic attributes. As almost all vegetables and fruits demonstrate acidic pH. Nicotine is bound to the matrix as a salt in this environment, hence is very difficult to identify directly and under this circumstance, hard extraction is needed.Keywords: e-liquid analysis, food analysis, graphene, nicotine, screen printed electrode, voltammetry, water analysis.
Graphical Abstract
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