Abstract
The innate immune system provides protection against invading neurotropic viruses. It acts as the first line of defense against invading viruses and plays an elementary role in their pathogenesis. The list of viruses capable of infecting human central nervous system (CNS) is quite long, most important of them are Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV), rabies virus, West Nile virus (WNV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), La Crosse virus, tick borne encephalitis virus (TEBE) and polio virus. Germ line pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD) - like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) -like helicases or RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and cytosolic DNA sensors recognize the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate an immune response against invading pathogen. Although PRRs were originally characterized in peripheral immune cells but accumulating evidence also suggest their crucial roles in CNS to combat against neurotropic viruses. In this review, we will highlight the recent developments in our understating of the mechanisms by which PRRs in resident brain cells provide protection against invading neurotropic viruses.
Keywords: Central nervous system, innate immunity, PAMPs, PRRs, RLRs, TLRs, virus.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:The Yin and Yang of Antiviral Innate Immunity in Central Nervous System
Volume: 22 Issue: 6
Author(s): Ali Zohaib, Adeel Sarfraz, Qari Muhammad Kaleem, Jing Ye, Mudassar Niaz Mughal, Muhammad Tariq Navid, Faheem Ahmed Khan, Xiaodong Duan, Bibo Zhu, Shengfeng Wan and Shengbo Cao
Affiliation:
Keywords: Central nervous system, innate immunity, PAMPs, PRRs, RLRs, TLRs, virus.
Abstract: The innate immune system provides protection against invading neurotropic viruses. It acts as the first line of defense against invading viruses and plays an elementary role in their pathogenesis. The list of viruses capable of infecting human central nervous system (CNS) is quite long, most important of them are Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV), rabies virus, West Nile virus (WNV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), La Crosse virus, tick borne encephalitis virus (TEBE) and polio virus. Germ line pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD) - like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) -like helicases or RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and cytosolic DNA sensors recognize the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate an immune response against invading pathogen. Although PRRs were originally characterized in peripheral immune cells but accumulating evidence also suggest their crucial roles in CNS to combat against neurotropic viruses. In this review, we will highlight the recent developments in our understating of the mechanisms by which PRRs in resident brain cells provide protection against invading neurotropic viruses.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Zohaib Ali, Sarfraz Adeel, Kaleem Muhammad Qari, Ye Jing, Mughal Niaz Mudassar, Navid Tariq Muhammad, Khan Ahmed Faheem, Duan Xiaodong, Zhu Bibo, Wan Shengfeng and Cao Shengbo, The Yin and Yang of Antiviral Innate Immunity in Central Nervous System, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22 (6) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666151204001550
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666151204001550 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Herpes Simplex Virus-Induced Ocular Diseases: Detrimental Interaction Between Virus and Host
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Intracellular Delivery: Exploiting Viral Membranotropic Peptides
Current Drug Metabolism Could Hippocampal Neurogenesis be a Future Drug Target for Treating Temporal Lobe Epilepsy?
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Targeting Proteasomal Pathways by Dietary Curcumin for Cancer Prevention and Treatment
Current Medicinal Chemistry Brucella Pneumonia with Systemic Complications and Pancytopenia: A Case Report
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets Current Status of Anti-Picornavirus Therapies
Current Pharmaceutical Design Implications of Prion Protein Biology
Current Neurovascular Research Mini-Review on SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Neurological Manifestations: A Perspective
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Dengue Virus RNA Polymerase NS5: A Potential Therapeutic Target?
Current Drug Targets The Potential Role of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Epilepsy Pathogenesis
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Alzheimers Disease and P300: Review and Evaluation of Task and Modality
Current Alzheimer Research Stem Cells in Brain Tumorigenesis and their Impact on Therapy
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy The Gut Mucosa as a Site for Induction of Regulatory T-Cells
Current Pharmaceutical Design Drug Design For Flavivirus Proteases: What Are We Missing?
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Cellular Protective Effects of Rosmarinic Acid: From Bench to Bedside
Current Neurovascular Research Capillary Electrophoresis Interfaced with a Mass Spectrometer (CE-MS): Technical Considerations and Applicability for Biomarker Studies in Animals
Current Protein & Peptide Science Nanowired Drug Delivery of Antioxidant Compound H-290/51 Enhances Neuroprotection in Hyperthermia-Induced Neurotoxicity
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Glycyrrhizic Acid Derivatives as New Antiviral and Immune Modulating Agents
Current Bioactive Compounds An Update of the Review of Neuropsychological Consequences of HIV and Substance Abuse: A Literature Review and Implications for Treatment and Future Research
Current Drug Abuse Reviews Biosafety of Lentiviral Vectors
Current Gene Therapy