Abstract
Breast cancer is a highly prevalent disease on a global scale, with a 30% incidence rate among women and a 14% mortality rate. Developing countries bear a disproportionate share of the disease burden, while countries with greater technological advancements exhibit a higher incidence. A mere 7% of women under the age of 40 are diagnosed with breast cancer, and the prevalence of this ailment is significantly diminished among those aged 35 and younger. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical intervention comprise the treatment protocol. However, the ongoing quest for a definitive cure for breast cancer continues. The propensity for cancer stem cells to metastasize and resistance to treatment constitute their Achilles' heel. The advancement of drug delivery techniques that target cancer cells specifically holds significant promise in terms of facilitating timely detection and effective intervention. Novel approaches to pharmaceutical delivery, including nanostructures and liposomes, may bring about substantial changes in the way breast cancer is managed. These systems offer a multitude of advantages, such as heightened bioavailability, enhanced solubility, targeted tumor destruction, and diminished adverse effects. The application of nano-drug delivery systems to administer anti-breast cancer medications is a significant subject of research. This article delves into the domain of breast cancer, conventional treatment methods, the incorporation of nanotechnology into managerial tactics, and strategic approaches aimed at tackling the disease at its core.
Graphical Abstract
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520621666210608095512] [PMID: 34102991]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520621666211013115500] [PMID: 34645380]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520621666210708123750] [PMID: 34238197]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520622666220615140239] [PMID: 35708084]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41379-018-0110-y] [PMID: 30140036]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101662]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050486] [PMID: 28475137]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2018.05.001] [PMID: 30258937]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13111717] [PMID: 34074020]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.77.0446] [PMID: 29380678]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122574] [PMID: 29194401]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.046] [PMID: 29626787]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/BCTT.S176070] [PMID: 31040712]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00335]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2017.01.020] [PMID: 28162991]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prp.2019.152609] [PMID: 31488317]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.761023] [PMID: 35178368]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.012] [PMID: 31421262]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2019.06.003] [PMID: 31235186]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2019.11.021] [PMID: 31890196]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2017.1366337] [PMID: 28826237]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1282-2] [PMID: 26405628]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.04.020] [PMID: 23648832]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40005-019-00459-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0147] [PMID: 27496041]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drup.2017.01.002] [PMID: 28363332]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP157] [PMID: 27203080]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dju055] [PMID: 24777111]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-2796] [PMID: 23288510]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2017.11.002] [PMID: 29175445]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.37198] [PMID: 31754382]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.24.9284] [PMID: 20194857]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2011.02.006] [PMID: 21392996]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2021.06.023] [PMID: 34242744]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23844] [PMID: 18816619]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2003257] [PMID: 23131846]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6093] [PMID: 28588725]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics9040053] [PMID: 29156634]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.19323] [PMID: 30667505]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.44.1.24] [PMID: 12515834]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.11.008] [PMID: 29156336]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.015] [PMID: 20371345]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.080] [PMID: 30189397]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03705-y] [PMID: 29650952]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13045-022-01341-0] [PMID: 36038913]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bcr2912] [PMID: 22078026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.009] [PMID: 36773959]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112530] [PMID: 34915416]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2014.02.006] [PMID: 24556077]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn4047925] [PMID: 24144228]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2012.05.011] [PMID: 22640908]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2016.1208650]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.907684] [PMID: 35720010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.11.002] [PMID: 31715247]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.07.008] [PMID: 19631377]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.050] [PMID: 35787915]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2018.1483398] [PMID: 29848101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10837450.2016.1146296] [PMID: 26916923]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.003] [PMID: 32653502]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1730-1] [PMID: 31723286]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S328135] [PMID: 34880614]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.020]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40659-017-0140-9] [PMID: 28969709]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11671-018-2725-9] [PMID: 30259230]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12951-020-00741-z] [PMID: 33298099]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S328767]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.12.027] [PMID: 36632508]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.7.2015] [PMID: 31350959]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10040643] [PMID: 32235565]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12032-020-01396-4] [PMID: 32712767]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2012.12.002] [PMID: 23464697]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cge.13514] [PMID: 30671931]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11481-019-09884-9] [PMID: 31722094]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2020.06.016] [PMID: 32637082]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13046-019-1443-1] [PMID: 31661003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2018.00227] [PMID: 29963498]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10585-018-9903-0] [PMID: 29799080]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbacli.2017.01.001] [PMID: 28194329]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7792] [PMID: 29039601]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108589] [PMID: 37918312]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.166] [PMID: 20956982]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2009.825]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-012-2315-y] [PMID: 23124476]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11121822] [PMID: 31756919]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4048/jbc.2015.18.4.303] [PMID: 26770236]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15041320] [PMID: 36831661]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19930215)71:4<1258:AID-CNCR2820710415>3.0.CO;2-I] [PMID: 8435803]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/BCBCR.S29420] [PMID: 26462242]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-1-201107050-00003] [PMID: 21727289]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/apb.2017.041] [PMID: 29071215]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41571-019-0299-9] [PMID: 31836877]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106535] [PMID: 32361569]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers10120471] [PMID: 30487436]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108800] [PMID: 30921705]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.03.019] [PMID: 31010740]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.103929] [PMID: 11818492]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2013.07.026] [PMID: 24074775]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canrad.2018.06.012] [PMID: 30139693]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8090957] [PMID: 31443516]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242116010] [PMID: 37958993]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15194702] [PMID: 37835396]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyz213] [PMID: 32147701]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.19048] [PMID: 28938696]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41416-018-0119-5] [PMID: 29937544]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac385c] [PMID: 34757956]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2022-0227] [PMID: 37199266]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12951-023-01874-7] [PMID: 37038165]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08853282231162111] [PMID: 37016537]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130396] [PMID: 37271407]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13346-023-01339-2] [PMID: 37133768]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.08.013] [PMID: 19737574]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.21.1136] [PMID: 19704066]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2019.02.001] [PMID: 30846407]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.025] [PMID: 29940172]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2002.99.124] [PMID: 12351610]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6907473] [PMID: 37451990]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/BD-1999-11110] [PMID: 15687597]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13058-017-0883-9] [PMID: 28750640]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdj057] [PMID: 16291774]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.015] [PMID: 22762887]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2010.11.008] [PMID: 21183347]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.4074] [PMID: 22806884]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2012.00004] [PMID: 22649773]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111781]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2023.1150492] [PMID: 37213283]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2023.2174210] [PMID: 36752075]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S382109] [PMID: 36844433]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41419-018-1139-z] [PMID: 30368518]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.122] [PMID: 30529766]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-1140] [PMID: 21196415]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/era.11.40] [PMID: 21916580]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10555-010-9204-9.microRNAs]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2010.12.002] [PMID: 21300207]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.001] [PMID: 31520748]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-01058-1] [PMID: 34627266]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10911-012-9244-6] [PMID: 22350980]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113249] [PMID: 32810619]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdq279] [PMID: 20943632]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574892811308020003] [PMID: 23394116]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2006.11.026] [PMID: 17868871]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2018.05.005] [PMID: 29857823]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155221989404] [PMID: 33509057]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07483] [PMID: 19005469]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-22-6360] [PMID: 36819548]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-738037/v1]
[PMID: 22263793]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-022-06844-5] [PMID: 36562910]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2023.04.012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00207] [PMID: 37235785]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-023-06867-6] [PMID: 36869992]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123380] [PMID: 36706885]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b05689] [PMID: 31899613]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090802] [PMID: 32854255]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111526] [PMID: 33255079]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36410] [PMID: 29577607]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/21691401.2016.1153483] [PMID: 27015806]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2019.02.036] [PMID: 31032117]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C9CC08447A] [PMID: 31912821]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47553-2] [PMID: 31366901]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9184284]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076615] [PMID: 37047585]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815080506123010009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1566524023666220819122948] [PMID: 35986537]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530323666230315145332] [PMID: 36924095]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612829666230329122911] [PMID: 36999427]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123276] [PMID: 37516217]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176018] [PMID: 32825618]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196473] [PMID: 36235009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111898]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2015-15231-1] [PMID: 27014559]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13030296] [PMID: 33668307]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6493458]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.29126] [PMID: 31441032]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2018-0481] [PMID: 31298065]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC114.1115111171]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101613]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(65)80093-6] [PMID: 5859039]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D2NR06215A] [PMID: 36723377]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20230410.301] [PMID: 37474984]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114490] [PMID: 36931031]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020369] [PMID: 36839690]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2022.105258] [PMID: 36375540]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5BM00161G] [PMID: 26291480]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.01.032] [PMID: 26836480]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm.13.118] [PMID: 23914966]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41573-020-0090-8] [PMID: 33277608]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109323] [PMID: 31400669]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.04.029] [PMID: 29673642]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040638] [PMID: 31010180]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105084] [PMID: 33891960]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.109] [PMID: 30372816]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc2394] [PMID: 18469827]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520616666160526103432] [PMID: 27225450]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10611860600809112] [PMID: 16882550]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00877-6] [PMID: 33975609]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19010195] [PMID: 29315231]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2010.03.011] [PMID: 20304019]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.07.014] [PMID: 31301340]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2015.2075] [PMID: 26485927]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b01164] [PMID: 29498868]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.003] [PMID: 33022328]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-021-03914-7] [PMID: 34387717]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.03.024] [PMID: 29551747]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1061186X.2019.1656725] [PMID: 31462111]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2002.tb00450.x] [PMID: 12611636]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2008.06.002] [PMID: 18640076]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/129458] [PMID: 25126543]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S183117] [PMID: 30587974]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.019] [PMID: 33539852]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.12.010] [PMID: 26751701]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.025] [PMID: 31238049]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2016.03.009] [PMID: 26972276]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0115672018283792240115053302] [PMID: 38288800]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0109298673283144231212055603] [PMID: 38192130]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102195] [PMID: 36297630]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2016.2143] [PMID: 27301172]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201819666220411115632] [PMID: 35410599]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867330666230517124033] [PMID: 37198988]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0113862073277130231110111933] [PMID: 38275060]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0109298673285199231210170549] [PMID: 38299296]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-018-2365-x] [PMID: 29536232]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b16-00624] [PMID: 28049940]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2009.08.004] [PMID: 19837467]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235672] [PMID: 33271886]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.01.023] [PMID: 19429296]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S1253] [PMID: 18488413]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cam4.6041] [PMID: 37148541]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.024] [PMID: 27444816]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10717544.2014.882469] [PMID: 24524308]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111664] [PMID: 33545830]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/tde.13.80] [PMID: 24024511]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/jpp.59.4.0001] [PMID: 17430630]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1450] [PMID: 28198148]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.10.011] [PMID: 20951779]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.064] [PMID: 20189243]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c22749] [PMID: 36961985]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8BM01530A] [PMID: 30648710]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13070973] [PMID: 34199018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8TB02684J] [PMID: 32254777]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S261671] [PMID: 33122906]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01173] [PMID: 32543848]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425247.5.2.189] [PMID: 18248318]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.08.006] [PMID: 19686789]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.08.055] [PMID: 27595890]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2018.1425777] [PMID: 29334814]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603114] [PMID: 27562240]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0928-0987(02)00030-1] [PMID: 12036721]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00598a026] [PMID: 629940]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.04.005] [PMID: 21501640]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.011] [PMID: 30551427]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10717540500395007] [PMID: 16556576]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.03.008] [PMID: 28329728]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.14937] [PMID: 27877239]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/5584_2019_431] [PMID: 31446610]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CAD.0b013e328336e940] [PMID: 20110806]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11030125]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00204-6] [PMID: 11744174]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.24536] [PMID: 26073304]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.039] [PMID: 28760449]