Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Cardiology Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-403X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6557

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Emerging Strategies and Effective Prevention Measures for Investigating the Association Between Stroke and Sudden Cardiac Fatality

Author(s): Nithesh Kumar H., Jeevanandham S., Shankar Ganesh M., Ashmi Sabana M. and Manivasakam P.*

Volume 20, Issue 3, 2024

Published on: 19 January, 2024

Article ID: e190124225840 Pages: 10

DOI: 10.2174/011573403X259676231222053709

Price: $65

Abstract

Stroke-related cardiac death is a significant concern for patients with stroke and their healthcare providers. It is a complex and multifaceted condition that requires careful management of both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies for stroke-related cardiac death. The review highlights the importance of identifying and managing modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and lifestyle factors, as well as non-modifiable risk factors such as age and genetics. Additionally, the review explores emerging strategies for prevention, including the use of wearable devices and genetic testing to identify patients at risk, stem cell therapy and gene therapy for cardiac dysfunction, and precision medicine for personalized treatment plans. Despite some limitations to this review, it provides valuable insights into the current understanding of stroke-related cardiac death and identifies important areas for future research. Ultimately, the implementation of evidence-based prevention strategies and personalized treatment plans has the potential to improve outcomes for patients with stroke and reduce the burden of stroke-related cardiac death in the population.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of coronary heart disease--United States, 2006-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011; 60(40): 1377-81.
[PMID: 21993341]
[2]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of stroke--United States, 2006-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012; 61(20): 379-82.
[PMID: 22622094]
[3]
Kannel WB. The Framingham Study: ITS 50-year legacy and future promise. J Atheroscler Thromb 2000; 6(2): 60-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5551/jat1994.6.60] [PMID: 10872616]
[4]
Lo EH, Dalkara T, Moskowitz MA. Mechanisms, challenges and opportunities in stroke. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003; 4(5): 399-414.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1106] [PMID: 12728267]
[5]
Zhang ZG, Chopp M. Neurorestorative therapies for stroke: Underlying mechanisms and translation to the clinic. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8(5): 491-500.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70061-4] [PMID: 19375666]
[6]
Lawlor DA, Smith GD, Leon DA, Sterne JAC, Ebrahim S. Secular trends in mortality by stroke subtype in the 20th century: A retrospective analysis. Lancet 2002; 360(9348): 1818-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11769-7] [PMID: 12480358]
[7]
Oppenheimer SM, Hachinski VC. The cardiac consequences of stroke. Neurol Clin 1992; 10(1): 167-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0733-8619(18)30239-1] [PMID: 1557001]
[8]
Prosser J, MacGregor L, Lees KR, Diener HC, Hacke W, Davis S. Predictors of early cardiac morbidity and mortality after ischemic stroke. Stroke 2007; 38(8): 2295-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.471813] [PMID: 17569877]
[9]
Klingelhöfer J, Sander D. Cardiovascular consequences of clinical stroke. Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997; 6(2): 309-35.
[PMID: 9483296]
[10]
Adams JE III, Abendschein DR, Jaffe AS. Biochemical markers of myocardial injury. Is MB creatine kinase the choice for the 1990s? Circulation 1993; 88(2): 750-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.88.2.750] [PMID: 8339435]
[11]
Snider SR, Kuchel O. Dopamine: An important neurohormone of the sympathoadrenal system. Significance of increased peripheral dopamine release for the human stress response and hypertension. Endocr Rev 1983; 4(3): 291-309.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv-4-3-291] [PMID: 6354703]
[12]
Di Napoli M, Papa F. Inflammation, hemostatic markers, and antithrombotic agents in relation to long-term risk of new cardiovascular events in first-ever ischemic stroke patients. Stroke 2002; 33(7): 1763-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000019124.54361.08] [PMID: 12105349]
[13]
Ay H, Koroshetz WJ, Benner T, et al. Neuroanatomic correlates of stroke-related myocardial injury. Neurology 2006; 66(9): 1325-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000206077.13705.6d] [PMID: 16525122]
[14]
Ishikawa H, Tajiri N, Vasconcellos J, et al. Ischemic stroke brain sends indirect cell death signals to the heart. Stroke 2013; 44(11): 3175-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001714] [PMID: 24008571]
[15]
World Stroke Day. 2022. Avaialble from: www.who.int Avaialble from: https://www.who.int/srilanka/news/detail/29-10-2022-world-stroke-day-2022
[16]
Thayabaranathan T, Kim J, Cadilhac DA, et al. Global stroke statistics 2022. Int J Stroke 2022; 17(9): 946-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17474930221123175] [PMID: 35975986]
[17]
World Health Organization. 2021. Avaialble from: https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)
[18]
Hayashi M, Shimizu W, Albert CM. The spectrum of epidemiology underlying sudden cardiac death. Circ Res 2015; 116(12): 1887-906.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.304521] [PMID: 26044246]
[19]
Sposato LA, Fridman S, Whitehead SN, Lopes RD. Linking stroke-induced heart injury and neurogenic atrial fibrillation: A hypothesis to be proven. J Electrocardiol 2018; 51(3): 430-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2018.02.006] [PMID: 29506757]
[20]
Sposato LA, Hilz MJ, Aspberg S, et al. Post-stroke cardiovascular complications and neurogenic cardiac injury. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 76(23): 2768-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.009] [PMID: 33272372]
[21]
Templin C, Ghadri JR, Diekmann J, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of takotsubo (Stress) cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2015; 373(10): 929-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1406761] [PMID: 26332547]
[22]
Scheitz JF, Nolte CH, Doehner W, Hachinski V, Endres M. Stroke–heart syndrome: Clinical presentation and underlying mechanisms. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17(12): 1109-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30336-3] [PMID: 30509695]
[23]
Pelliccia F, Kaski JC, Crea F, Camici PG. Pathophysiology of takotsubo syndrome. Circulation 2017; 135(24): 2426-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.027121] [PMID: 28606950]
[24]
Balint B, Jaremek V, Thorburn V, Whitehead SN, Sposato LA. Left atrial microvascular endothelial dysfunction, myocardial inflammation and fibrosis after selective insular cortex ischemic stroke. Int J Cardiol 2019; 292: 148-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.06.004] [PMID: 31196685]
[25]
Suzuki H, Matsumoto Y, Kaneta T, et al. Evidence for brain activation in patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J 2014; 78(1): 256-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-13-1276] [PMID: 24284957]
[26]
Masuda T, Sato K, Yamamoto S, et al. Sympathetic nervous activity and myocardial damage immediately after subarachnoid hemorrhage in a unique animal model. Stroke 2002; 33(6): 1671-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000016327.74392.02] [PMID: 12053010]
[27]
Kallmünzer B, Breuer L, Kahl N, et al. Serious cardiac arrhythmias after stroke: Incidence, time course, and predictors: A systematic, prospective analysis. Stroke 2012; 43(11): 2892-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.664318] [PMID: 22961962]
[28]
Jensen JK, Ueland T, Aukrust P, et al. Highly sensitive troponin T in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Eur Neurol 2012; 68(5): 287-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000341340] [PMID: 23051820]
[29]
Lyon AR, Rees PSC, Prasad S, Poole-Wilson PA, Harding SE. Stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy a novel pathophysiological hypothesis to explain catecholamine-induced acute myocardial stunning. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2008; 5(1): 22-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncpcardio1066] [PMID: 18094670]
[30]
Ghadri JR, Wittstein IS, Prasad A, et al. International expert consensus document on takotsubo syndrome (Part I): Clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology. Eur Heart J 2018; 39(22): 2032-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy076] [PMID: 29850871]
[31]
White M, Wiechmann RJ, Roden RL, et al. Cardiac beta-adrenergic neuroeffector systems in acute myocardial dysfunction related to brain injury. Evidence for catecholamine-mediated myocardial damage. Circulation 1995; 92(8): 2183-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.92.8.2183] [PMID: 7554200]
[32]
Paur H, Wright PT, Sikkel MB, et al. High levels of circulating epinephrine trigger apical cardiodepression in a β2-adrenergic receptor/Gi-dependent manner: A new model of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2012; 126(6): 697-706.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.111591] [PMID: 22732314]
[33]
Jung JM, Kim JG, Kim JB, et al. Takotsubo like myocardial dysfunction in ischemic stroke. Stroke 2016; 47(11): 2729-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.014304] [PMID: 27729583]
[34]
Yoshimura S, Toyoda K, Ohara T, et al. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in acute ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 2008; 64(5): 547-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.21459] [PMID: 18688801]
[35]
Bleilevens C, Roehl AB, Zoremba N, Tolba R, Rossaint R, Hein M. Insular infarct size but not levosimendan influenced myocardial injury triggered by cerebral ischemia in rats. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233(1): 149-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-014-4096-5] [PMID: 25262586]
[36]
Nagai M, Hoshide S, Kario K. The insular cortex and cardiovascular system: A new insight into the brain-heart axis. J Am Soc Hypertens 2010; 4(4): 174-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2010.05.001] [PMID: 20655502]
[37]
Craig AD. How do you feel now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10(1): 59-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2555] [PMID: 19096369]
[38]
Mashaly HA, Provencio JJ. Inflammation as a link between brain injury and heart damage: The model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cleve Clin J Med 2008; 75(2): S26-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.75.Suppl_2.S26] [PMID: 18540142]
[39]
Wang X, Cui L, Ji X. Cognitive impairment caused by hypoxia: From clinical evidences to molecular mechanisms. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37(1): 51-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-021-00796-3] [PMID: 34618295]
[40]
Tavazzi G, Zanierato M, Via G, Iotti GA, Procaccio F. Are neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy and takotsubo different syndromes with common pathways? JACC Heart Fail 2017; 5(12): 940-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2017.09.006] [PMID: 29191302]
[41]
Fassbender K, Schmidt R, Mössner R, Daffertshofer M, Hennerici M. Pattern of activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in acute stroke. Relation to acute confusional state, extent of brain damage, and clinical outcome. Stroke 1994; 25(6): 1105-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.25.6.1105] [PMID: 8202965]
[42]
Sobowale OA, Parry-Jones AR, Smith CJ, Tyrrell PJ, Rothwell NJ, Allan SM. Interleukin-1 in Stroke. Stroke 2016; 47(8): 2160-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010001] [PMID: 26931154]
[43]
Edwards AV, Jones CT. Autonomic control of adrenal function. J Anat 1993; 183(Pt 2): 291-307.
[44]
Oppenheimer S, Norris JW. Cardiac manifestations of acute neurological lesions.Neurology and General Medicine: the Neurological Aspects of Medical Disorder. 2nd. New York, NY: ChurchillLivingstone 1995; pp. 183-200.
[45]
Myers MG, Norris JW, Hachniski VC, Sole MJ. Plasma norepinephrine in stroke. Stroke 1981; 12(2): 200-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.12.2.200] [PMID: 7233464]
[46]
Christensen H, Boysen G, Johannesen HH. Serum-cortisol reflects severity and mortality in acute stroke. J Neurol Sci 2004; 217(2): 175-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2003.09.013] [PMID: 14706221]
[47]
Naver HK, Blomstrand C, Wallin BG. Reduced heart rate variability after right-sided stroke. Stroke 1996; 27(2): 247-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.27.2.247] [PMID: 8571418]
[48]
Korpelainen JT, Sotaniemi KA, Huikuri HV, Myllylä VV. Abnormal heart rate variability as a manifestation of autonomic dysfunction in hemispheric brain infarction. Stroke 1996; 27(11): 2059-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.27.11.2059] [PMID: 8898816]
[49]
Robinson TG, James M, Youde J, Panerai R, Potter J. Cardiac baroreceptor sensitivity is impaired after acute stroke. Stroke 1997; 28(9): 1671-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.28.9.1671] [PMID: 9303008]
[50]
Mikolich JR, Jacobs WC, Fletcher GF. Cardiac arrhythmias in patients with acute cerebrovascular accidents. JAMA 1981; 246(12): 1314-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1981.03320120018018] [PMID: 7265425]
[51]
Koppikar S, Baranchuk A, Guzmán JC, Morillo CA. Stroke and ventricular arrhythmias. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168(2): 653-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.03.058] [PMID: 23602297]
[52]
Samuels MA. The brain-heart connection. Circulation 2007; 116(1): 77-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.678995] [PMID: 17606855]
[53]
Jacob W, Van Bogaert A, De Groodt-Lasseel MH. Myocardial ultrastructure and haemodynamic reactions during experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1972; 4(4): 287-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2828(72)90076-4] [PMID: 5052586]
[54]
Wang TD, Wu CC, Lee YT. Myocardial stunning after cerebral infarction. Int J Cardiol 1997; 58(3): 308-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5273(96)02879-3] [PMID: 9076560]
[55]
Tokgözoglu SL, Batur MK, Topçuoglu MA, Saribas O, Kes S, Oto A. Effects of stroke localization on cardiac autonomic balance and sudden death. Stroke 1999; 30(7): 1307-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.30.7.1307] [PMID: 10390300]
[56]
Oppenheimer SM, Wilson JX, Guiraudon C, Cechetto DF. Insular cortex stimulation produces lethal cardiac arrhythmias: A mechanism of sudden death? Brain Res 1991; 550(1): 115-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(91)90412-O] [PMID: 1888988]
[57]
Vaseghi M, Zhou W, Shi J, et al. Sympathetic innervation of the anterior left ventricular wall by the right and left stellate ganglia. Heart Rhythm 2012; 9(8): 1303-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.03.052] [PMID: 22465457]
[58]
Volders PGA. Novel insights into the role of the sympathetic nervous system in cardiac arrhythmogenesis. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7(12): 1900-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.06.003] [PMID: 20570754]
[59]
Song HS, Back JH, Jin DK, et al. Cardiac troponin T elevation after stroke: relationships between elevated serum troponin T, stroke location, and prognosis. J Clin Neurol 2008; 4(2): 75-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2008.4.2.75] [PMID: 19513307]
[60]
Scheitz JF, Nolte CH, Laufs U, Endres M. Application and interpretation of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2015; 46(4): 1132-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007858] [PMID: 25737317]
[61]
Christensen H, Boysen G, Christensen AF, Johannesen HH. Insular lesions, ECG abnormalities, and outcome in acute stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76(2): 269-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2004.037531] [PMID: 15654050]
[62]
Oppenheimer S. Cerebrogenic cardiac arrhythmias. Clin Auton Res 2006; 16(1): 6-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10286-006-0276-0] [PMID: 16477489]
[63]
Silvani A, Calandra-Buonaura G, Dampney RAL, Cortelli P. Brain–heart interactions: Physiology and clinical implications. Philos Trans- Royal Soc, Math Phys Eng Sci 2016; 374(2067): 20150181.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0181] [PMID: 27044998]
[64]
Dhar R, Diringer MN. The burden of the systemic inflammatory response predicts vasospasm and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2008; 8(3): 404-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12028-008-9054-2] [PMID: 18196475]
[65]
Vahidy FS, Parsha KN, Rahbar MH, et al. Acute splenic responses in patients with ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36(6): 1012-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678X15607880] [PMID: 26661179]
[66]
Tay A, Tamam Y, Yokus B, Ustundag M, Orak M. Serum myeloperoxidase levels in predicting the severity of stroke and mortality in acute ischemic stroke patients. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2015; 19(11): 1983-8.
[PMID: 26125258]
[67]
Chen Z, Venkat P, Seyfried D, Chopp M, Yan T, Chen J. Brain heart interaction. Circ Res 2017; 121(4): 451-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311170] [PMID: 28775014]
[68]
Lekawanvijit S, Adrahtas A, Kelly DJ, Kompa AR, Wang BH, Krum H. Does indoxyl sulfate, a uraemic toxin, have direct effects on cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes? Eur Heart J 2010; 31(14): 1771-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp574] [PMID: 20047993]
[69]
Zhu W, Gregory JC, Org E, et al. Gut microbial metabolite tmao enhances platelet hyperreactivity and thrombosis risk. Cell 2016; 165(1): 111-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.011] [PMID: 26972052]
[70]
Rincon F, Dhamoon M, Moon Y, et al. Stroke location and association with fatal cardiac outcomes: Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS). Stroke 2008; 39(9): 2425-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.506055] [PMID: 18635863]
[71]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Avaialble from: https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/factsheets/heart-diseasestroke.htm (Published October 7, 2020.).
[72]
Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind MSV. Stroke risk factors, genetics, and prevention. Circ Res 2017; 120(3): 472-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308398] [PMID: 28154098]
[73]
Ada’s Medical Knowledge Team. Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. 2017. Available from: https://ada.com/cardiovascular-disease-riskfactors/
[74]
Cipolla MJ, Liebeskind DS, Chan SL. The importance of comorbidities in ischemic stroke: Impact of hypertension on the cerebral circulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38(12): 2129-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678X18800589] [PMID: 30198826]
[75]
Nelson MLA, McKellar KA, Yi J, et al. Stroke rehabilitation evidence and comorbidity: A systematic scoping review of randomized controlled trials. Top Stroke Rehabil 2017; 24(5): 374-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2017.1282412] [PMID: 28218020]
[76]
Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation 2019; 140(11)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678]
[77]
Mayo Clinic. Top strategies to prevent heart disease 2019. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/heart-disease/in-depth/heart-diseaseprevention/art-20046502
[78]
Stroke Prevention: Practice Essentials, Overview, Primary Prevention of Stroke. 2019. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/323662-overview
[79]
American Nurse: The official Journal of the American Nurses Association (ANA). Avaialble from: https://www.myamericannurse.com/secondaryprevention-of-stroke/
[80]
Hankey GJ, Secondary stroke prevention. The Lancet Neurology 2014; 13(2): 178-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70255-281]
[81]
Frerich S, Malik R, Georgakis MK, et al. Cardiac risk factors for stroke: A comprehensive mendelian randomization study. Stroke 2022; 53(4): e130-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.036306] [PMID: 34911345]
[82]
Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2013; 44(3): 870-947.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STR.0b013e318284056a] [PMID: 23370205]
[83]
Wearable Devices for Stroke Prediction. Avaialble from: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/7512
[84]
Kutyifa V, Moss AJ, Klein H, et al. Use of the wearable cardioverter defibrillator in high-risk cardiac patients. Circulation 2015; 132(17): 1613-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.015677] [PMID: 26316618]
[85]
Bezzina CR, Lahrouchi N, Priori SG. Genetics of sudden cardiac death. Circ Res 2015; 116(12): 1919-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.304030] [PMID: 26044248]
[86]
Laitinen-Forsblom PJ, Mäkynen P, Mäkynen H, et al. SCN5A mutation associated with cardiac conduction defect and atrial arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2006; 17(5): 480-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2006.00411.x] [PMID: 16684018]
[87]
Zaklyazminskaya E, Dzemeshkevich S. The role of mutations in the SCN5A gene in cardiomyopathies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2016; 1863(7)(7 Pt B): 1799-805.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.02.014] [PMID: 26916278]
[88]
Krittanawong C, Virk HUH, Bangalore S, et al. Machine learning prediction in cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10(1): 16057.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72685-1] [PMID: 32994452]
[89]
Ding L, Liu C, Li Z, Wang Y. Incorporating artificial intelligence into stroke care and research. Stroke 2020; 51(12): e351-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.031295] [PMID: 33106108]
[90]
Tenreiro MF, Louro AF, Alves PM, Serra M. Next generation of heart regenerative therapies: Progress and promise of cardiac tissue engineering. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6(1): 30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41536-021-00140-4] [PMID: 33200672]
[91]
Abdelwahid E, Kalvelyte A, Stulpinas A, de Carvalho KAT, Guarita-Souza LC, Foldes G. Stem cell death and survival in heart regeneration and repair. Apoptosis 2016; 21(3): 252-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10495-015-1203-4] [PMID: 26687129]
[92]
Harvard Health Publishing. 2013. Avaialble from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/hearthealth/repairing-the-heart-with-stem-cells
[93]
Shimamura M, Nakagami H, Sanada F, Morishita R. Progress of gene therapy in cardiovascular disease. Hypertension 2020; 76(4): 1038-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14478] [PMID: 32772646]
[94]
Kieserman JM, Myers VD, Dubey P, Cheung JY, Feldman AM. Current landscape of heart failure gene therapy. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8(10): e012239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.012239] [PMID: 31070089]
[95]
Brehm K, Schack J, Heilmann C, Blanke P, Geissler HJ, Beyersdorf F. Mechanical heart valve recipients: Anticoagulation in patients with genetic variations of phenprocoumon metabolism. Europ J Card Thorac Surg 2013; 44(2): 309-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezt002]
[96]
Petersen NH, Sheth KN, Jha RM. Precision medicine in neurocritical care for cerebrovascular disease cases. Stroke 2023; 54(5): 1392-402.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.036402] [PMID: 36789774]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy