Generic placeholder image

Current Diabetes Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-3998
ISSN (Online): 1875-6417

Research Article

Multi-level Analysis of HbA1c in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diabetic Patients

Author(s): Sukhes Mukherjee*, Suman Kumar Ray, Ashish A. Jadhav and Santosh L. Wakode

Volume 20, Issue 7, 2024

Published on: 25 October, 2023

Article ID: e251023222697 Pages: 8

DOI: 10.2174/0115733998262501231015051317

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D), a multifaceted metabolic disorder, may cause health tribulations and changes in biochemical blood markers. Other research has examined the relationships between several biomarkers and the risk of T2D. Few studies have examined the relationships between these biomarkers and potential changes to the network of biomarkers associated with diabetes.

Method: Glycated hemoglobin, or HbA1c, is used to evaluate and track the blood glucose history throughout the previous two to three months of testing. The ability to reflect the cumulative glycemic history of the previous two to three months makes HbA1c an essential biomarker of long-term glycemic control. HbA1c offers a trustworthy indicator of chronic hyperglycemia and strongly correlates with the likelihood of long-term consequences from diabetes.

Result: Additionally, elevated HbA1c has been recognized as a stand-alone risk factor for patients with and without diabetes developing coronary heart disease and stroke. One HbA1c test offers a wealth of information that makes it a reliable biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of diabetes. A clinical examination may be required to establish the connection between diabetes, prediabetes, biochemical blood indicators, age, and body mass index (BMI).

Conclusion: We observed that diabetes, BMI, age, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, and HDL were all linked using multivariate analysis.

[1]
I.D.F. Diabetes Atlas Available from: https://diabetesatlas.org/ (Accessed on: July16, 2023)
[2]
Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF diabetes atlas: Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 94(3): 311-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.10.029] [PMID: 22079683]
[3]
Abed SS, Zaidan FH, Sathyamurthy B. Biochemical marker analysis in diabetic patients. World J Pharm Res 2016; 5: 1602.
[4]
DeFronzo RA. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am 2004; 88(4): 787-835.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2004.04.013] [PMID: 15308380]
[5]
Athyros VG, Doumas M, Imprialos KP, et al. Diabetes and lipid metabolism. Hormones (Athens) 2018; 17(1): 61-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42000-018-0014-8] [PMID: 29858856]
[6]
Volpi E, Dickinson JM. Protein metabolism in health and diabetes. In: DeFronzo RA, Ed I International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus. Wiley 2015; p. 250.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118387658.ch16]
[7]
Liamis G, Liberopoulos E, Barkas F, Elisaf M. Diabetes mellitus and electrolyte disorders. World J Clin Cases 2014; 2(10): 488-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v2.i10.488] [PMID: 25325058]
[8]
Shahwan MJ, Khattab AH, Khattab MH, Jairoun AA. Association between abnormal serum hepatic enzymes, lipid levels and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obes Med 2019; 16: 100137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2019.100137]
[9]
Cusick M, Meleth AD, Agrón E, et al. Early Treatment Diabetic. Retinopathy Study Research Group Associations of mortality and diabetes complications in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: early treatment diabetic retinopathy study report no. 27. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(3): 617-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.3.617] [PMID: 15735198]
[10]
Alamri BN, Bahabri A, Aldereihim AA, et al. Hyperglycemia effect on red blood cells indices. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2019; 23(5): 2139-50.
[PMID: 30915759]
[11]
Sherwani SI, Khan HA, Ekhzaimy A, Masood A, Sakharkar MK. Significance of HbA1c Test in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diabetic Patients. Biomark Insights 2016; 11BMI.S38440.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/BMI.S38440] [PMID: 27398023]
[12]
Leow M. Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c): Clinical Applications of a Mathematical Concept. Acta Inform Med 2016; 24(4): 233-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/aim.2016.24.233-238] [PMID: 27708483]
[13]
Freeman VS. Glucose and hemoglobin A1c. Lab Med 2014; 45(1): e21-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/LMNSU432YJWCWZKX]
[14]
Chehregosha H, Khamseh ME, Malek M, Hosseinpanah F, Ismail-Beigi F. A view beyond HbA1c: Role of continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Ther 2019; 10(3): 853-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13300-019-0619-1] [PMID: 31037553]
[15]
Casqueiro J, Casqueiro J, Alves C. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16(Suppl1)(Suppl. 1): S27-36.
[PMID: 22701840]
[16]
Goldberg IJ. Clinical review 124: Diabetic dyslipidemia: causes and consequences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86(3): 965-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.3.7304] [PMID: 11238470]
[17]
Angelidi AM, Filippaios A, Mantzoros CS. Severe insulin resistance syndromes. J Clin Invest 2021; 131(4): e142245.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI142245] [PMID: 33586681]
[18]
Ahmed B, Sultana R, Greene MW. Adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137: 111315.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111315] [PMID: 33561645]
[19]
Hamburg NM, McMackin CJ, Huang AL, et al. Physical inactivity rapidly induces insulin resistance and microvascular dysfunction in healthy volunteers. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27(12): 2650-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.153288] [PMID: 17932315]
[20]
Fletcher B, Gulanick M, Lamendola C. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2002; 16(2): 17-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005082-200201000-00003] [PMID: 11800065]
[21]
Chen Y, Zhang XP, Yuan J, et al. Association of body mass index and age with incident diabetes in Chinese adults: A population-based cohort study. BMJ Open 2018; 8(9): e021768.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021768] [PMID: 30269064]
[22]
Reddy PH. Can diabetes be controlled by lifestyle activities? Curr Res Diabetes Obes J 2017; 1(4): 555568.
[PMID: 29399663]
[23]
Clark M, Hampson SE, Avery L, Simpson R. Effects of a tailored lifestyle self-management intervention in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Br J Health Psychol 2004; 9(3): 365-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/1359107041557066] [PMID: 15296683]
[24]
Sisodia RK, Chouhan M. The study of correlation between body mass index and glycemic control-HbA1c in diabetes type 2 patients. International Journal of Advances in Medicine 2019; 6(6): 1788.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20195228]
[25]
Algoblan A, Alalfi M, Khan M. Mechanism linking diabetes mellitus and obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2014; 7: 587-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S67400] [PMID: 25506234]
[26]
Ni Mhurchu C, Parag V, Nakamura M, Patel A, Rodgers A, Lam TH. Body mass index and risk of diabetes mellitus in the Asia-Pacific region. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006; 15(2): 127-33.
[PMID: 16672195]
[27]
Bays HE, Chapman RH, Grandy S. The relationship of body mass index to diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidaemia: comparison of data from two national surveys. Int J Clin Pract 2007; 61(5): 737-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01336.x] [PMID: 17493087]
[28]
Klisic A, Kavaric N, Jovanovic M, et al. Association between unfavorable lipid profile and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Res Med Sci 2017; 22(1): 122.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jrms.JRMS_284_17] [PMID: 29259633]
[29]
Longo M, Zatterale F, Naderi J, et al. Adipose tissue dysfunction as determinant of obesity-associated metabolic complications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20(9): 2358.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092358] [PMID: 31085992]
[30]
Dilworth L, Facey A, Omoruyi F. Diabetes mellitus and its metabolic complications: The role of adipose tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22(14): 7644.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147644] [PMID: 34299261]
[31]
Alzahrani SH, Baig M, Aashi MM, Al-shaibi FK, Alqarni DA, Bakhamees WH. Association between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and the lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at a tertiary care hospital: a retrospective study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12: 1639-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S222271] [PMID: 31695459]
[32]
Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, Aguayo C, Salomon C, Zuñiga FA. Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17(1): 122.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12933-018-0762-4] [PMID: 30170598]
[33]
Hirano T. Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidemia. J Atheroscler Thromb 2018; 25(9): 771-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5551/jat.RV17023] [PMID: 29998913]
[34]
Saudek CD, Brick JC. The clinical use of hemoglobin A1c. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009; 3(4): 629-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/193229680900300402] [PMID: 20144304]
[35]
Tankova T, Chakarova N, Dakovska L, Atanassova I. Assessment of HbA1c as a diagnostic tool in diabetes and prediabetes. Acta Diabetol 2012; 49(5): 371-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00592-011-0334-5] [PMID: 21964885]
[36]
Kowsar R, Mansouri A. Multi-level analysis reveals the association between diabetes, body mass index, and HbA1c in an Iraqi population. Sci Rep 2022; 12(1): 21135.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25813-y] [PMID: 36477157]
[37]
Nathan DM, Turgeon H, Regan S. Relationship between glycated haemoglobin levels and mean glucose levels over time. Diabetologia 2007; 50(11): 2239-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-007-0803-0] [PMID: 17851648]
[38]
Babikr WG, Alshahrani AS, Hamid HG, Abdelraheem AH, Shalayel MH. The correlation of HbA1c with body mass index and HDL-cholesterol in type 2 diabetic patients. Biomed Res 2016; 27: 1280.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy