Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Nutrition & Food Science

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-4013
ISSN (Online): 2212-3881

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Herbal Candies: A Potential Source of Health Benefits

Author(s): Rekha Kailey, Prasad Rasane*, Jyoti Singh, Sawinder Kaur, Mahendra Gunjal, Jaspreet Kaur, Vishesh Bhadariya and Harshal Avinashe

Volume 20, Issue 9, 2024

Published on: 24 October, 2023

Page: [1039 - 1048] Pages: 10

DOI: 10.2174/0115734013250026231016140631

Price: $65

Abstract

Candy is a popular product consumed by children, young and elderly alike. The major ingredient sugar makes it an instant source of energy, mostly blended with a variety of flavors and colors for sensory and aesthetic appeal. Flavors such as caramel, chocolate, peppermint, butterscotch, and vanilla are the most popular among many, that comprises of more than 2000 kinds. Although synthetic flavors and colors are predominant, natural sources such as herbs are being increasingly used. Herbal (made from herbs) products have lesser effects, more therapeutic effects, and health benefits. The advantages of herbs used in candy manufacturing are safe, with good efficacy, lower side effect, compatibility with the human body, and wide cultural acceptability. Herbal candies are used as an efficient delivery system for vitamins, minerals, and numerous bioactive compounds like anthocyanin, lycopene, ascorbic acid, etc. They are a remedy of choice in case of cough, sore throat, digestive and stomach problems. The choice of herb often is influenced based on the target health problem, reduced side effects, availability, and preferences. Apart from sugar, these candies are also manufactured using sweetening agents. Sugar and sweeteners consumption is associated with various myths and prejudices owing to increased health concerns. The review is thus designed to justify various aspects of herbal candy like production process, ingredients, historical importance, and types of herbal candies, myths, facts and risks, consumer awareness towards herbal candies. The paper will also draw a roadmap for the future of herbal candy amongst today’s health-wary consumers.

Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Manson M. A history of candy and of food culture in western children: Sixteenth century to the present. Young Consumers 2010; 11(2): 131-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17473611011065818]
[2]
Konar N, Gunes R, Palabiyik I, Toker OS. Health conscious consumers and sugar confectionery: Present aspects and projections. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022; 123: 57-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.001]
[3]
Krüger C. Sugar and Bulk sweeteners. Beckett's Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use 2017; pp. 72-101.
[4]
Rao GP, Singh P. Value addition and fortification in non-centrifugal sugar (jaggery): A potential source of functional and nutraceutical foods. Sugar Tech 2022; 24(2): 387-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12355-021-01020-3] [PMID: 34334974]
[5]
Patel A, Tiwari S, Pandey N, Gupta D, Prasad SM. Role of spices beyond a flavouring agent. Ethnopharmacological investigation of Indian spices 2022.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2524-1.ch002]
[6]
Medicated Confectionery Market Size & Share Analysis - Industry Research Report - Growth Trends. 2023. Available from: https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/medicated-confectionery-market
[7]
Hooda R. Antiwrinkle herbal drugs –An update. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2015; 4(4): 277-81.
[8]
Duyff RL, Birch LL, Byrd-Bredbenner C, et al. Candy consumption patterns, effects on health, and behavioral strategies to promote moderation: summary report of a roundtable discussion. Adv Nutr 2015; 6(1): 139S-46S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/an.114.007302] [PMID: 25593156]
[9]
Srilakshmi B. Evaluation of food quality, sensory evaluation. New Age International Publishers, Food Sciences 2007; p. 56.
[10]
Mahato A, Chakraborty I, Baidya BK. Preparation and evaluation of fruit candy from unripe mango. Int J Chem Stud 2020; 8(1): 2727-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i1ao.8682]
[11]
Kumar V, Singh J, Chandra S, et al. Post harvest technology of papaya fruits and it’s value added products-a review. Progress Agric 2019; 19(2): 199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-4615.2019.00044.9]
[12]
Pattanayak P, Behera P, Das D, Panda S. Ocimum sanctum Linn. A reservoir plant for therapeutic applications: An overview. Pharmacogn Rev 2010; 4(7): 95-105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.65323] [PMID: 22228948]
[13]
Singh AK, Chaurasiya AK. Post harvest management and value addition in bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.). Int J Interdiscip multidiscip Stud 2014; 1(9): 65-77.
[14]
Mahajan N, Rawal S, Verma M, Poddar M, Alok S. A phytopharmacological overview on Ocimum species with special emphasis on Ocimum sanctum. Biomed Prev Nutr 2013; 3(2): 185-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bionut.2012.08.002]
[15]
Thomas J, Duethi PP. Handbook of herbs and spices. 2001.
[16]
Shirin APR, Jamuna P. Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of ginger root (Zingiber officinale). J Med Plants Res 2010; 4(24): 2674-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/JMPR09.464]
[17]
Srivastava LP, Gupta KP, Raizada RB. Organochlorine pesticide residues in herbal ayurvedic preparations. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2000; 64(4): 502-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001280000032] [PMID: 10754046]
[18]
Longvah T, Ananthan T, Bhaskarachary K, Venkaiah K. Indian food composition tables, national institute of nutrition (Indian council of medical research). Hyderabad, India: Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India 2017.
[19]
Saxena G, Chaturvedi N. Proximate compiosition analysis of gooseberry fruit (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) and basil leaves (Occium basilium) and development of value added products by adding basil in gooseberry products. IIS Univ j sci technol 2015; 4: 19-22.
[20]
Desoky ESM, Elrys AS, Rady MM. Licorice root extract boosts Capsicum annuum L. production and reduces fruit contamination on a heavy metals-contaminated saline soil. Int Lett Nat Sci 2019; 73(73): 1-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-f96647]
[21]
Nair R, Barche S. Medicinal value of Bael, Aegle marmelos. Int J Farm Sci 2016; 6(1): 307-20.
[22]
Arambewela L, Arawwawala M, Rajapaksa D. Piper betle : A potential natural antioxidant. Int J Food Sci Technol 2006; 41(s1): 10-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01227.x]
[23]
Welsh JA, Sharma AJ, Grellinger L, Vos MB. Consumption of added sugars is decreasing in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94(3): 726-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.018366] [PMID: 21753067]
[24]
Hu C, He J, Eckert R, et al. Development and evaluation of a safe and effective sugar-free herbal lollipop that kills cavity-causing bacteria. Int J Oral Sci 2011; 3(1): 13-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4248/IJOS11005] [PMID: 21449211]
[25]
Sabra A, Netticadan T, Wijekoon C. Grape bioactive molecules, and the potential health benefits in reducing the risk of heart diseases. Food Chem X 2021; 12: 100149.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100149] [PMID: 34761204]
[26]
Ghorbani Tajani A, Bisha B. Effect of food matrix and treatment time on the effectiveness of grape seed extract as an antilisterial treatment in fresh produce. Microorganisms 2023; 11(4): 1029.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11041029] [PMID: 37110451]
[27]
Cappa C, Lavelli V, Mariotti M. Fruit candies enriched with grape skin powders: Physicochemical properties. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015; 62(1): 569-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.07.039]
[28]
Nishiyama-Hortense YPO, Rossi MJP, Shimizu-Marin VD, et al. Jelly candy enriched with BRS Violeta grape juice: Anthocyanin retention and sensory evaluation. Future Foods 2022; 6: 100179.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100179]
[29]
Rakesh S, Dhawan S, Arya SS. Processed products of Bael. Food Process Ind 2005; 8(12): 25-7.
[30]
Wedamulla NE, Fan M, Choi YJ, Kim EK. Citrus peel as a renewable bioresource: Transforming waste to food additives. J Funct Foods 2022; 95: 105163.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2022.105163]
[31]
Alam F, Mohammadin K, Shafique Z, Amjad ST, Asad MHH. Citrus flavonoids as potential therapeutic agents: A review. Phytother Res 2022; 36(4): 1417-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7261] [PMID: 34626134]
[32]
Aggarwal P, Michael M. Effect of replacing sucrose with fructose on the physico-chemical sensory characteristics of kinnow candy. Czech J Food Sci 2014; 32(2): 158-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/221/2013-CJFS]
[33]
Li Y, Xu C, Lin X, Cui B, Wu R, Pang X. De novo assembly and characterization of the fruit transcriptome of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Using 454 pyrosequencing and the development of novel tri-nucleotide SSR markers. PLoS One 2014; 9(9): e106438.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106438] [PMID: 25184704]
[34]
Krška B. Value addition, sensory and evaluation of jujube products. Int J Pure Appl Biosci 2017; 5(3): 540-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.3093]
[35]
Karpagavalli B. Effect of processing on retention of antioxidant components in value added amla products. Indian J Sci Technol 2014; 4(5): 672-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2014/v7i5.3]
[36]
Adsare SR, Bellary AN, Sowbhagya HB, Baskaran R, Prakash M, Rastogi NK. Osmotic treatment for the impregnation of anthocyanin in candies from Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis). J Food Eng 2016; 175: 24-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.11.023]
[37]
Nikzad M, Banafshe HR, Momen-Heravi M, Haddad Kashani H, Shiehmorteza M. The effect of vitamin C on procalcitonin biomarker in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Mol Allergy 2021; 19(1): 1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12948-021-00140-1] [PMID: 33658036]
[38]
Downing DL. Clarification of apple juice. Processed Apple Products. Downing DL. New York, NY: Springer 2012.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8225-6]
[39]
Ahmad I, Aalum K, Kumar B. Preserve and candy development of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Int J Sci Res 2013; 5(7): 315-9.
[40]
Pastorino G, Cornara L, Soares S, Rodrigues F, Oliveira MBPP. Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra ): A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Phytother Res 2018; 32(12): 2323-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6178] [PMID: 30117204]
[41]
Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Jeloudari M, et al. A review of the health effects and uses of drugs of plant licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) in Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2014; 4: S847-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60742-8]
[42]
Fanali S, Aturki Z, D’Orazio G, et al. Use of nano-liquid chromatography for the analysis of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid in licorice roots and candies. J Sep Sci 2005; 28(9-10): 982-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200400096] [PMID: 16013825]
[43]
Kwon YJ, Son DH, Chung TH, Lee YJ. A review of the pharmacological efficacy and safety of licorice root from corroborative clinical trial findings. J Med Food 2020; 23(1): 12-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2019.4459] [PMID: 31874059]
[44]
Das Mahapatra K, Kumar . A review on therapeutic uses of ocimum sanctum linn (Tulsi) with its pharmacological actions. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 2012; 3(5): 645-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.03512]
[45]
Cohen M. Tulsi - Ocimum sanctum: A herb for all reasons. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2014; 5(4): 251-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.146554] [PMID: 25624701]
[46]
Pandey G, Madhuri S. Pharmacological activities of Ocimum sanctum (tulsi): A review. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2010; 5(1): 61-6.
[47]
Singh D, Chaudhuri PK. A review on phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.). Ind Crops Prod 2018; 118: 367-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.048]
[48]
Alam A. Herbs that heal Spices: The hoard of natural remedies. Ann phytomedicine 2019; 8(2): 7-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ap.2019.8.2.2]
[49]
Qaid MM, Al-Mufarrej SI, Azzam MM, Al-Garadi MA. Anticoccidial effectivity of a traditional medicinal plant, Cinnamomum verum, in broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Poult Sci 2021; 100(3): 100902.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.071] [PMID: 33518353]
[50]
Gu DT, Tung TH, Jiesisibieke ZL, Chien CW, Liu WY. Safety of cinnamon: an umbrella review of meta-analyses and systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12: 790901.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.790901] [PMID: 35115937]
[51]
Chandra S, Chatterjee P, Dey P, Bhattacharya S. Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of coffee against the denaturation of protein. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2(1): S178-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60154-3]
[52]
Sripoo AR, Maheswari UTN, Rajeshkumar S. Preparation of oregano, coffee and black cumin aqueous formulation and its anti inflammatory activity. Int J Health Sci 2022; 6(S3): 288-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS3.5184]
[53]
Coffee Flavored Chocolate Bar. US Patent 20110059224A1, 2009.
[54]
Djaafar TF, Palupi LO, Marwati T, Utami T, Sutriswati E. Characteristic of chocolate candy produced from fermented cocoa bean with Lactobacillus plantarum HL-15 starter culture for inhibition growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi. J Agric Sci Technol B 2019; 9: 128-34.
[55]
Wachamo HL. Review on health benefit and risk of coffee consumption. Med Aromat Plants 2017; 6(4): 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9821.1000301]
[56]
Kaur K, Kaushal S, Rani R. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antifungal potential of clove ( syzygium aromaticum) essential oil, its major compound and its derivatives. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants 2019; 22(5): 1195-217.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2019.1688689]
[57]
Kanwal A, Irshad S, Akmal N, Rizwi NB. Identification and characterization of active ingredient eugenol from syzygium aromaticum (Clove Oil) through HPLC and its phytochemical analysis. J Bioresour Manag 2022; 9(1): 3.
[58]
Naureen I, Saleem A, Sagheer F, et al. Chemical composition and therapeutic effect of mentha species on human physiology. Sch bull 2022; 8(1): 1-32.: 25-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sb.2022.v08i01.004]
[59]
Malekmohammad K, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Sardari S, Sewell RDE. Toxicological effects of Menthax piperita (peppermint): A review. Toxin Rev 2021; 40(4): 445-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2019.1647545]
[60]
Szema AM, Barnett T. Allergic reaction to mint leads to asthma. Allergy Rhinol 2011; 2(1): ar.2011.2.0008.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ar.2011.2.0008] [PMID: 22852115]
[61]
Eckert C, Lutz C, Breitkreutz J, Woertz K. Quality control of oral herbal products by an electronic tongue—Case study on sage lozenges. Sens Actuators B Chem 2011; 156(1): 204-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.04.018]
[62]
Al-Mijalli SH, Assaggaf H, Qasem A, et al. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial potentials and chemical composition of salvia officinalis and mentha suaveolens grown wild in Morocco. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2022; 2022: 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2844880] [PMID: 35755940]
[63]
Arsenijević J, Drobac M, Šoštarić I, et al. Bioactivity of herbal tea of Hungarian thyme based on the composition of volatiles and polyphenolics. Ind Crops Prod 2016; 89: 14-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.04.046]
[64]
Bartkiene E, Ruzauskas M, Lele V, et al. Development of antimicrobial gummy candies with addition of bovine colostrum, essential oils and probiotics. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018; 53(5): 1227-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13701]
[65]
Singletary K. Thyme. Nutr Today 2016; 51(1): 40-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NT.0000000000000139]
[66]
Alagawany M, Abd El-Hack M. The effect of rosemary herb as a dietary supplement on performance, egg quality, serum biochemical parameters, and oxidative status in laying hens. J Anim Feed Sci 2015; 24(4): 341-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/jafs/65617/2015]
[67]
Naimi M, Vlavcheski F, Shamshoum H, Tsiani E. Rosemary extract as a potential anti-hyperglycemic agent: Current evidence and future perspectives. Nutrients 2017; 9(9): 968.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9090968] [PMID: 28862678]
[68]
Pushpalatha C, Kamondur K, Shakir A. Potential benefits of ginger in maintenance of oral health. Natural Products and Therapeutics 2022; pp. 19-35.
[69]
Raj LFA, e J. Biosynthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using root extract of Zingiber officinale. Orient J Chem 2015; 31(1): 51-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/310105]
[70]
Grzanna R, Lindmark L, Frondoza CG. Ginger--an herbal medicinal product with broad anti-inflammatory actions. J Med Food 2005; 8(2): 125-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2005.8.125] [PMID: 16117603]
[71]
Anh NH, Kim SJ, Long NP, et al. Ginger on human health: A comprehensive systematic review of 109 randomized controlled trials. Nutrients 2020; 12(1): 157.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010157] [PMID: 31935866]
[72]
Kumar V, Kushwaha R, Goyal A, Tanwar B, Kaur J. Process optimization for the preparation of antioxidant rich ginger candy using beetroot pomace extract. Food Chem 2018; 245: 168-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.10.089] [PMID: 29287358]
[73]
Akib NI, Baane W, Fristiohady A. Formulation of herbal hard candy contains red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) extract. UIN Alauddin Makassar This 2016; 4(1): 1-8.
[74]
Arawwawala LDAM, Dissanayake DS, Kumarasingha SP, Arambewela LSR, Kumaratunga KG, Ratnasooriya WD. Investigations on Piper betle grown in Sri Lanka. Pharmacogn Rev 2011; 5(10): 159-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.91111] [PMID: 22279373]
[75]
Saikat M, Aditi R, Soumitra B. An overview of betel leaf (Piper betle L.): A review. Ann Food Sci Technol 2016; 17(2): 367-76.
[76]
Pradhan D, Suri KA, Pradhan DK, Biswasroy P. Golden heart of the nature: Piper betle L. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2013; 1(6): 147-67.
[77]
Choudhary D, Kale RK. Antioxidant and non-toxic properties of Piper betle leaf extract: in vitro and in vivo studies. Phytother Res 2002; 16(5): 461-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1015] [PMID: 12203268]
[78]
Kumari OS, Rao NB. Phyto chemical analysis of piper betel leaf extract. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015; 4(1): 699-703.
[79]
Sarkar PK, Das S, Prajapati PK. Ancient concept of metal pharmacology based on Ayurvedic literature. Anc Sci Life 2010; 29(4): 1-6.
[PMID: 22557360]
[80]
Ingle M, Patil J, Nawkar R. Nutritional evaluation of sugar free aonla candy. J Dairy Foods Home Sci 2016; 35(4): 323-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ajdfr.v35i4.6633]
[81]
Muzzaffar S, Baba WN, Nazir N, Masoodi FA, Bhat MM, Bazaz R. Effect of storage on physicochemical, microbial and antioxidant properties of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) candy. Cogent Food Agric 2016; 2(1): 1163650.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1163650]
[82]
Sucharzewska D, Stochmal A, Oleszek W. The effect of Yucca schidigera extract on the physical structure and on the oxidative stability of sugar-candy foam products. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2003; 36(3): 347-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(03)00016-1]
[83]
Ergun R, Lietha R, Hartel RW. Moisture and shelf life in sugar confections. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50(2): 162-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408390802248833] [PMID: 20112158]
[84]
O’Neil CE, Fulgoni VL III, Nicklas TA. Candy consumption was not associated with body weight measures, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, or metabolic syndrome in US adults: NHANES 1999-2004. Nutr Res 2011; 31(2): 122-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2011.01.007] [PMID: 21419316]
[85]
Abascal K, Yarnell E. Combining herbs in a formula for irritable bowel syndrome. Altern Complement Ther 2005; 11(1): 17-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/act.2005.11.17]
[86]
Ribeiro-Santos R, Andrade M, de Melo NR, et al. Biological activities and major components determination in essential oils intended for a biodegradable food packaging. Ind Crops Prod 2017; 97: 201-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.12.006]
[87]
Gabriele M, Frassinetti S, Caltavuturo L, et al. Citrus bergamia powder: Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. J Funct Foods 2017; 31: 255-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.02.007]
[88]
González-Rivera J, Duce C, Falconieri D, et al. Coaxial microwave assisted hydrodistillation of essential oils from five different herbs (lavender, rosemary, sage, fennel seeds and clove buds): Chemical composition and thermal analysis. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2016; 33: 308-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2015.12.011]
[89]
Ravindran PN, Divakaran M, Pillai GS. Other herbs and spices: Achiote to Szechuan pepper. Handbook of Herbs and Spices. Woodhead Publishing 2012; pp. 534-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857095688.534]
[90]
Miraj S, Rafieian-Kopaei , Kiani S. Melissa officinalis L: A review study with an antioxidant prospective. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2017; 22(3): 385-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156587216663433] [PMID: 27620926]
[91]
Ali MR, Aboud AS. Antimicrobial activities of aqueous and methanolic extracts from salvia officinalis and salix acmophylla used in the treatment of wound infection isolates Ibn al-Haitham J Pure. Appl Sci 2017; 23(3): 25-39.
[92]
Khalaf ME, Alomari QD, Omar R. Factors relating to usage patterns of amalgam and resin composite for posterior restorations – a prospective analysis. J Dent 2014; 42(7): 785-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2014.04.010] [PMID: 24769386]
[93]
Johnson RK, Appel LJ, Brands M, et al. Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2009; 120(11): 1011-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192627] [PMID: 19704096]
[94]
König KG, Navia JM. Nutritional role of sugars in oral health. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62(S1): 275S-83S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/62.1.275S] [PMID: 7598084]
[95]
Lee I-M, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Life is sweet: Candy consumption and longevity. BMJ 1998; 317(7174): 1683-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7174.1683] [PMID: 9857124]
[96]
Hornick B, Duyff RL, Murphy MM, Shumow L. Proposing a definition of candy in moderation: For health and well-being. Nutr Today 2014; 49(2): 87-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NT.0000000000000020]
[97]
Sigman-Grant M, Morita J. Defining and interpreting intakes of sugars. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78(4): 815S-26S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.4.815S] [PMID: 14522745]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy