Isatin Derivatives: A Frontier in Antimicrobial Agents

Shareef      Shaik; Manish      Chaudhary; Charanjit      Kaur; Rajesh      Kumar; Gurvinder      Singh

doi:10.2174/0115701786268852230921113433

Abstract

Microbial infection is one of the major concerns for human health in the modern era. Condition is further worsening due to the development of resistance by the microbe against the available drugs. This problem can be overcome by synthesizing novel antimicrobial agents. Isatin is a promising moiety possessing antimicrobial activity. A number of isatin derivatives are present in the market for the treatment of microbial infection.

In this review, we have tried to summarize isatin derivatives as antimicrobials, including numerous potent isatin analogs. The reported literature related to the development and application of isatin derivatives have been collected from electronic data bases like Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed by using key words like “design, synthesis and evaluation”, “isatin derivatives,” and “indoldione analogues” and related combinations. It was identified that isatin derivatives play an essential role in drug discovery and development. In recent years, isatin and its derivatives have shown promising antibacterial and antiviral properties. This review aims to provide an overview of the current research on isatin potential applications. Studies have shown that isatin derivatives can effectively fight against various types of microorganisms, such as gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. They also exhibit lower toxicity and better efficacy than standard antimicrobial agents. Moreover, isatin-based products have the potential to address the rising issue of antimicrobial resistance. The current work attempts to review such innovations, which may lead to the creation of novel therapeutic agents. More research is required to confirm their safety and effectiveness in clinical practice.

« Previous Next »

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Evers, D.L.; Fowler, C.B.; Mason, J.T.; Mimnall, R.K. Sci. Eng. Ethics,  2015, 21(4), 1049-1064.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-014-9579-z] [PMID: 25150847]

[2]
Kelesidis, T.; Falagas, M.E. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.,  2015, 28(2), 443-464.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00072-14] [PMID: 25788516]

[3]
Doron, S.; Gorbach, S. In: International Encyclopedia of Public Health; Elsevier, 2008, p. 273.

[4]
Gow, N.A.R.; Johnson, C.; Berman, J.; Coste, A.T.; Cuomo, C.A.; Perlin, D.S.; Bicanic, T.; Harrison, T.S.; Wiederhold, N.; Bromley, M.; Chiller, T.; Edgar, K. Nat. Commun.,  2022, 13(1), 5352.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32249-5] [PMID: 36097014]

[5]
Epand, R.M.; Epand, R.F. Mol. Biosyst.,  2009, 5(6), 580-587.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b900278m] [PMID: 19462015]

[6]
Tooke, C.L.; Hinchliffe, P.; Bragginton, E.C.; Colenso, C.K.; Hirvonen, V.H.A.; Takebayashi, Y.; Spencer, J. J. Mol. Biol.,  2019, 431(18), 3472-3500.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.002] [PMID: 30959050]

[7]
Hamilton, S.M.; Alexander, J.A.N.; Choo, E.J.; Basuino, L.; da Costa, T.M.; Severin, A.; Chung, M.; Aedo, S.; Strynadka, N.C.J.; Tomasz, A.; Chatterjee, S.S.; Chambers, H.F. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.,  2017, 61(6), e02727-e16.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02727-16] [PMID: 28373193]

[8]
Mühlberg, E.; Umstätter, F.; Domhan, C.; Hertlein, T.; Ohlsen, K.; Krause, A.; Kleist, C.; Beijer, B.; Zimmermann, S.; Haberkorn, U.; Mier, W.; Uhl, P. Pharmaceuticals,  2020, 13(6), 110.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13060110] [PMID: 32485876]

[9]
Doi, Y.; Arakawa, Y. Clin. Infect. Dis.,  2007, 45(1), 88-94.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/518605] [PMID: 17554708]

[10]
Poole, K. Ann. Med.,  2007, 39(3), 162-176.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07853890701195262] [PMID: 17457715]

[11]
Schaenzer, A.J.; Wright, G.D. Trends Mol. Med.,  2020, 26(8), 768-782.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2020.05.001] [PMID: 32493628]

[12]
Kocagöz, T.; Hackbarth, C.J.; Unsal, I.; Rosenberg, E.Y.; Nikaido, H.; Chambers, H.F. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.,  1996, 40(8), 1768-1774.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.40.8.1768] [PMID: 8843279]

[13]
Varela, M.F.; Stephen, J.; Lekshmi, M.; Ojha, M.; Wenzel, N.; Sanford, L.M.; Hernandez, A.J.; Parvathi, A.; Kumar, S.H. Antibiotics,  2021, 10(5), 593.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050593] [PMID: 34067579]

[14]
Wang, J.; Yun, D.; Yao, J.; Fu, W.; Huang, F.; Chen, L.; Wei, T.; Yu, C.; Xu, H.; Zhou, X.; Huang, Y.; Wu, J.; Qiu, P.; Li, W. Eur. J. Med. Chem.,  2018, 144, 493-503.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.043] [PMID: 29288946]

[15]
Zhang, G.F.; Zhang, S.; Pan, B.; Liu, X.; Feng, L.S. Eur. J. Med. Chem.,  2018, 143, 710-723.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.082] [PMID: 29220792]

[16]
Abo-Ashour, M.F.; Eldehna, W.M.; George, R.F.; Abdel-Aziz, M.M.; Elaasser, M.M.; Abdel Gawad, N.M.; Gupta, A.; Bhakta, S.; Abou-Seri, S.M. Eur. J. Med. Chem.,  2018, 160, 49-60.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.008] [PMID: 30317025]

[17]
Manchala, L.; Reddy Tatipelly, M.; Andole, S.; Manda, S.; Prasad Devarakonda, K.; Arukula, R.; Gangarapu, K. Mater. Today Proc.,  2022, 64, 903-908.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.06.052]

[18]
Abdelhaleem, E.F.; Kassab, A.E.; El-Nassan, H.B.; Khalil, O.M. Arch. Pharm.,  2022, 355(11), 2200190.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ardp.202200190] [PMID: 35976138]

[19]
Li, W.; Zhao, S.J.; Gao, F.; Lv, Z.S.; Tu, J.Y.; Xu, Z. ChemistrySelect,  2018, 3(36), 10250-10254.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/slct.201802185]

[20]
Belyakov, A.V.; Nikolaenko, K.O.; Davidovich, P.B.; Ivanov, A.D.; Garabadzhiu, A.V.; Rykov, A.N.; Shishkov, I.F. J. Mol. Struct.,  2017, 1132, 44-49.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.07.034]

[21]
Ram, V.J.; Sethi, A.; Nath, M.; Pratap, R. The chemistry of heterocycles: Nomenclature and chemistry of three to five membered heterocycles; Elsevier, 2019. 

[22]
Sumpter, W.C. Chem. Rev.,  1944, 34(3), 393-434.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr60109a003]

[23]
Popp, P.D. Adv. Heterocycl. Chem.,  1975, 18, 1-58.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2725(08)60127-0]

[24]
Gassman, P.G.; Cue, B.W., Jr; Luh, T.Y. J. Org. Chem.,  1977, 42(8), 1344-1348.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00428a016]

[25]
Grewal, A.S. Int. J. Pharmaceut. Res.,  2014, 6(1), 1-7.

[26]
Liu, Y.C.; Zhang, R.; Wu, Q.Y.; Chen, Q.; Yang, G.F. Org. Prep. Proced. Int.,  2014, 46(4), 317-362.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00304948.2014.922378]

[27]
Silva, J.F.M.; Garden, S.J.; Pinto, A.C. J. Braz. Chem. Soc.,  2001, 12(3), 273-324.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532001000300002]

[28]
Mandal, P.; Ganguly, T. J. Phys. Chem. B,  2009, 113(45), 14904-14913.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp9062115] [PMID: 19817474]

[29]
Bergman, J.; Lindström, J.O.; Tilstam, U. Tetrahedron,  1985, 41(14), 2879-2881.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)96609-8]

[30]
Wei, L.; Wang, Q.; Liu, X. 1982, 2, 288.

[31]
Halket, J.M.; Watkins, P.J.; Przyborowska, A.; Goodwin, B.L.; Clow, A.; Glover, V.; Sandler, M.J. Chromatogr. Biomed. Appl.,  1991, 562(1-2), 279-287.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4347(91)80585-Z] [PMID: 2026698]

[32]
Wang, G.; Chen, M.; Qiu, J.; Xie, Z.; Cao, A. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.,  2018, 28(2), 113-116.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.11.047] [PMID: 29208524]

[33]
Xu, Z.; Song, X.F.; Hu, Y.Q.; Qiang, M.; Lv, Z.S. Eur. J. Med. Chem.,  2017, 138, 66-71.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.057] [PMID: 28646656]

[34]
Kharbach, Y.; Qachchachi, F.Z.; Haoudi, A.; Tourabi, M.; Zarrouk, A.; Jama, C.; Olasunkanmi, L.O.; Ebenso, E.E.; Bentiss, F. J. Mol. Liq.,  2017, 246, 302-316.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.09.057]

[35]
Muralisankar, M.; Sreedharan, R.; Sujith, S.; Bhuvanesh, N.S.P.; Sreekanth, A. J. Alloys Compd.,  2017, 695, 171-182.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.10.173]

[36]
Kolaczkowski, M.A.; He, B.; Liu, Y. Org. Lett.,  2016, 18(20), 5224-5227.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02504] [PMID: 27723358]

[37]
Gandeepan, P. In: Copper in N-Heterocyclic Chemistry; Elsevier, 2021, pp. 363-398.

[38]
Rini, B.I. Expert Opin. Pharmacother.,  2007, 8(14), 2359-2369.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.8.14.2359] [PMID: 17927489]

[39]
London, C.A.; Malpas, P.B.; Wood-Follis, S.L.; Boucher, J.F.; Rusk, A.W.; Rosenberg, M.P.; Henry, C.J.; Mitchener, K.L.; Klein, M.K.; Hintermeister, J.G.; Bergman, P.J.; Couto, G.C.; Mauldin, G.N.; Michels, G.M. Clin. Cancer Res.,  2009, 15(11), 3856-3865.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1860] [PMID: 19470739]

[40]
Kudo, M.; Cheng, A.L.; Park, J.W.; Park, J.H.; Liang, P.C.; Hidaka, H.; Izumi, N.; Heo, J.; Lee, Y.J.; Sheen, I.S.; Chiu, C.F.; Arioka, H.; Morita, S.; Arai, Y. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol.,  2018, 3(1), 37-46.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(17)30290-X] [PMID: 28988687]

[41]
Sakamoto, K. Idrugs: Invest. Drugs J.,  2001, 4(9), 1601-1607.

[42]
Ferraz de Paiva, R.E.; Vieira, E.G.; Rodrigues da Silva, D.; Wegermann, C.A.; Costa Ferreira, A.M. Front. Mol. Biosci.,  2021, 7, 627272.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2020.627272] [PMID: 33614708]

[43]
Mohammadi, S.; Heiran, R.; Herrera, R.P.; Marques-Lopez, E. ChemCatChem Eur. Soc. J. Cata.,  2013, 5(8), 2131-2148.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201300050]

[44]
Abdel-Aziz, H.; Eldehna, W.; Keeton, A.; Piazza, G.; Kadi, A.; Attwa, M.; Abdelhameed, A.; Attia, M. Drug Des. Devel. Ther.,  2017, 11, 2333-2346.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S140164] [PMID: 28848327]

[45]
Shaikh, M.H.; Subhedar, D.D.; Khan, F.A.K.; Sangshetti, J.N.; Nawale, L.; Arkile, M.; Sarkar, D.; Shingate, B.B. J. Heterocycl. Chem.,  2017, 54(1), 413-421.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhet.2598]

[46]
Al-Wabli, R.; Zakaria, A.; Attia, M. Molecules,  2017, 22(11), 1958.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22111958] [PMID: 29140257]

[47]
Pandeya, S.N.; Sriram, D.; Nath, G.; De Clercq, E. Pharm. Acta Helv.,  1999, 74(1), 11-17.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-6865(99)00010-2] [PMID: 10748620]

[48]
Jarrahpour, A.; Khalili, D.; De Clercq, E.; Salmi, C.; Brunel, J. Molecules,  2007, 12(8), 1720-1730.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/12081720] [PMID: 17960083]

[49]
Bhattacharya, S.K.; Mitra, S.K.; Acharya, S.B. J. Psychopharmacol.,  1991, 5(3), 202-206.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026988119100500304] [PMID: 22282556]

[50]
Ranjan Sahoo, C.; Sahoo, J.; Mahapatra, M.; Lenka, D.; Kumar Sahu, P.; Dehury, B.; Nath Padhy, R.; Kumar Paidesetty, S. Arab. J. Chem.,  2021, 14(2), 102922.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102922]

[51]
Kashyap, A.; Singh, P.K.; Silakari, O. Tuberculosis,  2018, 113, 43-54.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tube.2018.09.001] [PMID: 30514513]

[52]
Kassab, R.M.; Al-Hussain, S.A.; Elleboudy, N.S.; Albohy, A.; Zaki, M.E.A.; Abouzid, K.A.M.; Muhammad, Z.A. Drug Des. Devel. Ther.,  2022, 16, 2817-2832.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S365909] [PMID: 36046334]

[53]
Lamut, A. Peterlin Mašič L.; Kikelj, D.; Tomašič. T. Med. Res. Rev.,  2019, 39(6), 2460-2504.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/med.21591] [PMID: 31004360]

[54]
Shiri, P. Mini Rev. Med. Chem.,  2021, 21(5), 536-553.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/18755607MTEwaOTYn5] [PMID: 33109046]

[55]
Pati, M.L.; Niso, M.; Spitzer, D.; Berardi, F.; Contino, M.; Riganti, C.; Hawkins, W.G.; Abate, C. Eur. J. Med. Chem.,  2018, 144, 359-371.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.024] [PMID: 29287249]

[56]
Jiang, D. J. Heterocycl. Chem.,  2018, 55(9), 2003-2018.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhet.3244]

[57]
Feng, L.S.; Xu, Z.; Chang, L.; Li, C.; Yan, X.F.; Gao, C.; Ding, C.; Zhao, F.; Shi, F.; Wu, X. Med. Res. Rev.,  2020, 40(3), 931-971.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/med.21643] [PMID: 31692025]

[58]
Carro, L. Antibiotics,  2019, 8(4), 217.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040217] [PMID: 31717975]

[59]
Gao, F.; Wang, T.; Gao, M.; Zhang, X.; Liu, Z.; Zhao, S.; Lv, Z.; Xiao, J. Eur. J. Med. Chem.,  2019, 165, 323-331.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.042] [PMID: 30690301]

[60]
Rajesh Kumar, M.; Violet Dhayabaran, V.; Sudhapriya, N.; Manikandan, A.; Gideon, D.A.; Annapoorani, S. Bioorg. Chem.,  2020, 102, 104046.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104046] [PMID: 32688115]

[61]
Choi, S.J.; Lee, J.E.; Jeong, S.Y. Im, I.; Lee, S.D.; Lee, E.J.; Lee, S.K.; Kwon, S.M.; Ahn, S.G.; Yoon, J.H.; Han, S.Y.; Kim, J.I.; Kim, Y.C. J. Med. Chem.,  2010, 53(9), 3696-3706.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm100080z] [PMID: 20361800]

[62]
Davidovich, P.; Aksenova, V.; Petrova, V.; Tentler, D.; Orlova, D.; Smirnov, S.; Gurzhiy, V.; Okorokov, A.L.; Garabadzhiu, A.; Melino, G.; Barlev, N.; Tribulovich, V. ACS Med. Chem. Lett.,  2015, 6(8), 856-860.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00011] [PMID: 26288684]

[63]
Yakan, H.; Omer, H.H.S.; Buruk, O. Çakmak, Ş.; Marah, S.; Veyisoğlu, A.; Muğlu, H.; Ozen, T.; Kütük, H. J. Mol. Struct.,  2023, 1277, 134799.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134799]

[64]
Singh, A.; Kaur, K.; Kaur, H.; Mohana, P.; Arora, S.; Bedi, N.; Chadha, R.; Bedi, P.M.S. J. Mol. Struct.,  2023, 1274, 134456.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134456]

[65]
Dandekar, S.N.; Lotlikar, O.A.; Ramana, M.M.V.; Rathod, S.V. Russ. J. Bioorganic Chem.,  2022, 48(5), 1053-1058.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1068162022050089]

[66]
Asad, M.; Arshad, M.N.; Asiri, A.M.; Khan, S.A.; Rehan, M.; Oves, M. Polycycl. Aromat. Compd.,  2022, 42(8), 5385-5397.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2021.1936083]

[67]
Malah, T.E.; Farag, H.; Hemdan, B.A.; Abdel Mageid, R.E.; Abdelrahman, M.T.; El-Manawaty, M.A.; Nour, H.F. J. Mol. Struct.,  2022, 1250, 131855.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131855]

[68]
El-Qaliei, M.I.H.; Mousa, S.A.S.; Mahross, M.H.; Hassane, A.M.A.; Gad-Elkareem, M.A.M.; Anouar, E.H.; Snoussi, M.; Aouadi, K.; Kadri, A. J. Mol. Struct.,  2022, 1264, 133299.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133299]

[69]
Koçyiğit, Ü.M.; Doğan, M.; Muğlu, H.; Taslimi, P.; Tüzün, B.; Yakan, H.; Bal, H.; Güzel, E.; Gülçin, İ. J. Mol. Struct.,  2022, 1264, 133249.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133249]

[70]
Alzahrani, A.Y.; Ammar, Y.A.; Salem, M.A.; Abu-Elghait, M.; Ragab, A. Arch. Pharm.,  2022, 355(1), 2100266.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ardp.202100266] [PMID: 34747519]

[71]
Irfan, I.; Ali, A.; Reddi, B.; Khan, M.A.; Hasan, P.; Ahmed, S.; Uddin, A.; Piatek, M.; Kavanagh, K.; Haque, Q.M.R.; Singh, S.; Addlagatta, A.; Abid, M. Antibiotics,  2022, 11(8), 1126.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081126] [PMID: 36009995]

[72]
Susithra, E.; Rajkumar, S.; Pansare, S.K.W.; Praveena, S.; Arun, P.; Chekkara, R. Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem.,  2022, 12, 2392-2403.

[73]
Abdelrahman, M.A.; Almahli, H.; Al-Warhi, T.; Majrashi, T.A.; Abdel-Aziz, M.M.; Eldehna, W.M.; Said, M.A. Molecules,  2022, 27(24), 8807.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248807] [PMID: 36557937]

[74]
Costa, D.P.; Castro, A.C.; Silva, G.A.; Lima-Junior, C.G.; Andrade Júnior, F.P.; Oliveira Lima, E.; Vaz, B.G.; Silva, L.C. J. Heterocycl. Chem.,  2021, 58(3), 766-776.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhet.4213]

[75]
Elsayed, Z.M.; Eldehna, W.M.; Abdel-Aziz, M.M.; El Hassab, M.A.; Elkaeed, E.B.; Al-Warhi, T.; Abdel-Aziz, H.A.; Abou-Seri, S.M.; Mohammed, E.R. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem.,  2021, 36(1), 384-392.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2020.1868450] [PMID: 33406941]

[76]
Wang, Y.; Liang, Z.; Zheng, Y.; Leung, A.S.L.; Yan, S.C.; So, P.K.; Leung, Y.C.; Wong, W.L.; Wong, K.Y. RSC Advances,  2021, 11(29), 18122-18130.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D1RA02119B] [PMID: 35480164]

[77]
Lalitha, A.; Vinoth, N.; Vadivel, P. Synlett,  2021, 32(7), 708-712.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1706682]

[78]
Johansen, M.D. Shalini; Kumar, S.; Raynaud, C.; Quan, D.H.; Britton, W.J.; Hansbro, P.M.; Kumar, V.; Kremer, L. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.,  2021, 65(8), e00011-e00021.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00011-21] [PMID: 33972252]

[79]
Mishra, R.; Chaurasia, H.; Singh, V.K.; Naaz, F.; Singh, R.K. J. Mol. Struct.,  2021, 1243, 130763.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130763]

[80]
Abbas, A.M.; Fisal, S.R.; Orabi, A.S. J. Chin. Chem. Soc.,  2021, 68(1), 131-149.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jccs.202000158]

[81]
Vinoth, N.; Lalitha, A. Polycycl. Aromat. Compd.,  2022, 42(2), 517-533.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2020.1744025]

[82]
Salem, M.A.; Ragab, A.; El-Khalafawy, A.; Makhlouf, A.H.; Askar, A.A.; Ammar, Y.A. Bioorg. Chem.,  2020, 96, 103619.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103619] [PMID: 32036161]

[83]
Chemchem, M.; Menacer, R.; Merabet, N.; Bouridane, H.; Yahiaoui, S.; Moussaoui, S.; Belkhiri, L. J. Mol. Struct.,  2020, 1208, 127853.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.127853]

[84]
Wang, Y.; Cheong, W.L.; Liang, Z.; So, L.Y.; Chan, K.F.; So, P.K.; Chen, Y.W.; Wong, W.L.; Wong, K.Y. Bioorg. Chem.,  2020, 97, 103710.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103710] [PMID: 32146179]

[85]
Deswal, S. Naveen; Tittal, R.K.; Ghule Vikas, D.; Lal, K.; Kumar, A. J. Mol. Struct.,  2020, 1209, 127982.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.127982]

[86]
Ma, T.; Chen, R.; Xue, H.; Miao, Z.; Chen, L.; Zhang, H.; Shi, X. J. Heterocycl. Chem.,  2020, 57(1), 503-509.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhet.3781]

[87]
Pashirova, T.N.; Bogdanov, A.V.; Zaripova, I.F.; Burilova, E.A.; Vandyukov, A.E.; Sapunova, A.S.; Vandyukova, I.I.; Voloshina, A.D.; Mironov, V.F.; Zakharova, L.Y. J. Mol. Liq.,  2019, 290, 111220.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111220]

[88]
Bhagat, K.; Bhagat, J.; Gupta, M.K.; Singh, J.V.; Gulati, H.K.; Singh, A.; Kaur, K.; Kaur, G.; Sharma, S.; Rana, A.; Singh, H.; Sharma, S.; Singh Bedi, P.M. ACS Omega,  2019, 4(5), 8720-8730.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b02481] [PMID: 31459961]

[89]
Singh, A.; Singh, J.V.; Rana, A.; Bhagat, K.; Gulati, H.K.; Kumar, R.; Salwan, R.; Bhagat, K.; Kaur, G.; Singh, N.; Kumar, R.; Singh, H.; Sharma, S.; Bedi, P.M.S. ACS Omega,  2019, 4(7), 11673-11684.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b01109] [PMID: 31460274]

[90]
Gao, F.; Ye, L.; Kong, F.; Huang, G.; Xiao, J. Bioorg. Chem.,  2019, 91, 103162.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103162] [PMID: 31382058]

[91]
Cheng, R.; Yan, X.; Xu, Z. J. Heterocycl. Chem.,  2019, 56(10), 2970-2974.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhet.3689]

[92]
Soylu-Eter, Ö.; Duran, G.N.; Özbil, M. Göktaş F.; Cihan-Üstündağ G.; Karalı. N. J. Mol. Struct.,  2023, 1281, 135100.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135100]

[93]
Barakat, A.; Mostafa, A.; Ali, M.; Al-Majid, A.M.; Domingo, L.R.; Kutkat, O.; Moatasim, Y.; Zia, K.; Ul-Haq, Z.; Elshaier, Y.A.M.M. Int. J. Mol. Sci.,  2022, 23(19), 11861.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911861] [PMID: 36233160]

[94]
El-Kalyoubi, S.A.; Ragab, A.; Abu Ali, O.A.; Ammar, Y.A.; Seadawy, M.G.; Ahmed, A.; Fayed, E.A. Pharmaceuticals,  2022, 15(3), 376.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15030376] [PMID: 35337173]

[95]
El-Masry, R.M.; Al-Karmalawy, A.A.; Alnajjar, R.; Mahmoud, S.H.; Mostafa, A.; Kadry, H.H.; Abou-Seri, S.M.; Taher, A.T. New J. Chem.,  2022, 46(11), 5078-5090.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D1NJ04816C]

[96]
Zhang, L.; Zhao, S.; Xu, Z.; Liu, Y. J. Heterocycl. Chem.,  2019, 56(10), 2975-2979.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhet.3691]

[97]
Lima, C.M.; Freitas-Junior, L.H.; Moraes, C.B.; Barbosa, C.G.; Opatzf, T.; Victor, M.M. J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 2022.

[98]
Xu, Z.; Zhao, S.J.; Deng, J.L.; Wang, Q.; Lv, Z.S. J. Heterocycl. Chem.,  2019, 56(1), 319-324.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhet.3382]

[99]
Ding, Z.; Hou, P.; Liu, B. Arch. Pharm.,  2019, 352(10), 1900135.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ardp.201900135] [PMID: 31441087]

[100]
Jiang, Y.; Qian, A.; Li, Y. Arch. Pharm.,  2019, 352(7), 1900040.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ardp.201900040] [PMID: 31106443]

[101]
Thakur, R.K.; Joshi, P.; Upadhyaya, K.; Singh, K.; Sharma, G.; Shukla, S.K.; Tripathi, R.; Tripathi, R.P. Eur. J. Med. Chem.,  2019, 162, 448-454.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.008] [PMID: 30469040]

[102]
Sabt, A.; Eldehna, W.M.; Ibrahim, T.M.; Bekhit, A.A.; Batran, R.Z. Eur. J. Med. Chem.,  2023, 246, 114959.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114959] [PMID: 36493614]

[103]
Bhattacharyya, S.; Rana, D. J. Indian Chem. Soc.,  1997, 74(6), 456-463.

[104]
Bhattacharyya, S.; Rana, D. J. Indian Chem. Soc.,  1997, 74(2), 103-107.

[105]
Almeida, MR.; Leitão, GG.; Silva, BV. Barbosa, JP. J. Braz. Chem. Soc.,  2010, 21, 746-749.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite

Journal Information

For Authors

For Editors

For Reviewers

Explore Articles

Open Access

Open Access Articles

For Visitors

DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0115701786268852230921113433	Print ISSN 1570-1786
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 1875-6255

Letters in Organic Chemistry

Isatin Derivatives: A Frontier in Antimicrobial Agents

Abstract Play Pause

Graphical Abstract

Related Journals

Related Books

Abstract