Abstract
Pyrazine belongs to the 1, 4-diazines family, which is a significant class of heterocyclic compounds. Various pyrazine derivatives have been produced and successfully confirmed as medicines with various pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, anticancer, antibacterial, and neurological activity, with some of them becoming clinically utilized pharmaceuticals globally. This review includes a survey on pyrazine derivatives possessing different pharmacological activities. The class of pyrazine-based potential medications has grown rapidly in terms of both the absolute quantity of studied compounds and the range of various biological activities. Additionally, there is a lot of potential for this scaffold, which medicinal chemists ought to investigate for the creation of novel potential drug candidates.
Graphical Abstract
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2022.2092873]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1068162022050259]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.591.2017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543776.2014.982533] [PMID: 25523365]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115544] [PMID: 37300915]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031112] [PMID: 35164376]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2362-4] [PMID: 19957079]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228029] [PMID: 36432130]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2022.110405]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D1OB00513H] [PMID: 33954321]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145495] [PMID: 37513367]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asia.202201306] [PMID: 36662627]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2018.07.038]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13122350]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D1DT01322J] [PMID: 34165455]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206879] [PMID: 36296472]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186059] [PMID: 36144790]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S002247662204014X]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2004.02.024] [PMID: 15080915]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.03.019]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jccs.201900056]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1294/5/052074]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115351] [PMID: 32035750]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.005] [PMID: 24095095]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.025] [PMID: 28006668]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.07.005] [PMID: 22841279]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.042] [PMID: 31344614]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00351a008] [PMID: 7131483]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11030-020-10161-8] [PMID: 33387184]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051665] [PMID: 32121303]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22020310] [PMID: 28218676]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2019.02.045] [PMID: 30824168]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mencom.2019.09.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.008] [PMID: 28314513]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.057] [PMID: 25984840]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573406414666180112110947] [PMID: 29332598]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhet.5570300508]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.059] [PMID: 23018096]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.055] [PMID: 27017114]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules20011104] [PMID: 25587786]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.04.025] [PMID: 20488590]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/70300363]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ardp.201900368] [PMID: 32399980]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules20058687] [PMID: 26007174]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103610] [PMID: 32028062]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126846] [PMID: 31839540]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.03.085]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnz023] [PMID: 30698709]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm058205b] [PMID: 16033269]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-894X(96)00492-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.009] [PMID: 29089260]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.083] [PMID: 16361098]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2014.01.007] [PMID: 24468632]