Generic placeholder image

Current Organic Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1385-2728
ISSN (Online): 1875-5348

Research Article

Modification for Nitration of Halo-substituted meso-Tetraarylporphyrins: A Convenient Scale-up in Small Amount of Solvent

Author(s): Mariusz Rosa, Maciej Malinowski and Stanisław Ostrowski*

Volume 27, Issue 11, 2023

Published on: 26 September, 2023

Page: [962 - 966] Pages: 5

DOI: 10.2174/1385272827666230717105700

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

The synthesis of porphyrins with halogens and nitro groups in meso-aryl rings is described. Halo-substituted meso-tetraarylporphyrin derivatives in the reaction with sodium nitrite in trifluoroacetic acid at 40°C (or room temperature) afford 5-(4-nitroaryl)-10,15,20- triarylporphyrins. The above mono-nitro products bearing halogens on meso-aryl rings (F, Cl, Br) are difficult to obtain selectively. The method elaborated herein allows to synthesize them with reasonable yield (of up to 57%), and the reaction can be easily scaled-up. By this route, the preparation of valuable substrates for further transformation to highly substituted ‘synthetic porphyrins’ was presented.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Hsi, R.A.; Rosenthal, D.I.; Glatstein, E. Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of cancer: Current state of the art. Drugs, 1999, 57(5), 725-734.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199957050-00005] [PMID: 10353297]
[2]
Nyman, E.S.; Hynninen, P.H. Research advances in the use of tetrapyrrolic photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 2004, 73(1-2), 1-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2003.10.002] [PMID: 14732247]
[3]
Monteiro, C.J.P.; Pina, J.; Pereira, M.M.; Arnaut, L.G. On the singlet states of porphyrins, chlorins and bacteriochlorins and their ability to harvest red/infrared light. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2012, 11(7), 1233-1238.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2pp25021g] [PMID: 22555608]
[4]
Moser, J.G. Ed. Photodynamic Tumor Therapy: 2nd and 3rd Generation Photosensitizers; Harwood Academic Publishers: Amsterdam, 1998.
[5]
Vaz Serra, I.V.; Pires, S.M.G.; Alonso, C.M.A.; Neves, M.G.P.M.S.; Tomé, A.C.; Cavaleiro, J.A.S. Meso-tetraarylporphyrins bearing nitro or amino groups: Synthetic strategies and reactivity profiles. Top. Heterocycl. Chem., 2013, 33, 35-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7081_2013_101]
[6]
Syrbu, S.A.; Semeikin, A.S.; Syrbu, T.V. Synthesis of porphyrins with reactive groups on phenyl rings. 8. Azo dyes on tetraphenylporphyrins. Chem. Heterocycl. Compd., 1996, 32(8), 897-901.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01176963]
[7]
Ostrowski, S.; Mikus, A.; Shim, Y.K.; Lee, J.C.; Seo, E.Y.; Lee, K.I.; Olejnik, M. On selective functionalization of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives by vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen. Heterocycles, 2002, 57(9), 1615-1626.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/COM-02-9514]
[8]
Ostrowski, S.; Raczko, A.M. Selective double functionalization of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin complexes on the same pyrrole unit by tandem electrophilic/nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Helv. Chim. Acta, 2005, 88(5), 974-978.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.200590091]
[9]
Ostrowski, S.; Grzyb, S. Direct β-amination reaction in porphyrin systems—a simple route to compounds containing two nitrogen substituents at both β-positions of the same pyrrole unit. Tetrahedron Lett., 2012, 53(47), 6355-6357.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.024]
[10]
Ostrowski, S.; Kosmalska, M.; Mikus, A. A vicarious approach to porphyrin aldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett., 2017, 58(21), 2011-2013.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.03.008]
[11]
Eddahmi, M.; Moura, N.M.M.; Ramos, C.I.V.; Bouissane, L.; Faustino, M.A.F.; Cavaleiro, J.A.S.; Mostapha Rakib, E.; Neves, M.G.P.M.S. An insight into the vicarious nucleophilic substitution reaction of 2-nitro-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin with p-chlorophenoxyacetonitrile: Synthesis and gas-phase fragmentation studies. Arab. J. Chem., 2020, 13(6), 5849-5863.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.04.022]
[12]
Ostrowski, S.; Mikus, A. A new approach to the synthesis of porphyrin-fullerene dyads. Mol. Divers., 2003, 6(3-4), 315-321.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MODI.0000006864.22321.2e] [PMID: 15068095]
[13]
Mikus, A. Łopuszyńska, B. Nitration of porphyrin systems: A toolbox of synthetic methods. Chem. Asian J., 2021, 16(4), 261-276.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asia.202000985] [PMID: 33118262]
[14]
Kruper, W.J., Jr; Chamberlin, T.A.; Kochanny, M. Regiospecific aryl nitration of meso-substituted tetraarylporphyrins: A simple route to bifunctional porphyrins. J. Org. Chem., 1989, 54(11), 2753-2756.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00272a057]
[15]
Ostrowski, S. Mikus, A.; Łopuszyńska, B. Synthesis of highly substituted meso-tetraarylporphyrins. Tetrahedron, 2004, 60(51), 11951-11957.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2004.09.050]
[16]
Łopuszyńska, B.; Piechocka, K.; Mikus, A.; Ostrysz, S.; Ostrowski, S. Synthesis of highly substituted nitro/halo-meso-tetraarylporphyrins by tandem cyclocondensation/aromatic electrophilic nitration reactions. Macroheterocycles, 2013, 6(3), 245-250.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/mhc130642o]
[17]
Ostrowski, S. Łopuszyńska, B. Preparation of meso-tetraarylporphyrins nitrated in two neighboring aromatic rings. Synth. Commun., 2003, 33(23), 4101-4110.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/SCC-120026352]
[18]
Wyrębek, P.; Osuch-Kwiatkowska, A.; Pakulski, Z.; Jarosz, S.; Ostrowski, S. The synthesis of sugar-decorated hydrophilic porphyrins. J. Porphyr. Phthalocyanines, 2013, 17(5), 384-391.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S1088424613500703]
[19]
Godlewski, B.; Baran, D.; de Robichon, M.; Ferry, A.; Ostrowski, S.; Malinowski, M. Sonogashira cross-coupling as a key step in the synthesis of new glycoporphyrins. Org. Chem. Front., 2022, 9(9), 2396-2404.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D1QO01909K]
[20]
Rosa, M. Jędryka, N.; Skorupska, S.; Grabowska-Jadach, I.; Malinowski, M. New route to glycosylated porphyrins via aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) - Synthesis and cellular uptake studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2022, 23(19), 11321.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911321] [PMID: 36232622]
[21]
Luguya, R.; Jaquinod, L.; Fronczek, F.R.; Vicente, M.G.H.; Smith, K.M. Synthesis and reactions of meso-(p-nitrophenyl)porphyrins. Tetrahedron, 2004, 60(12), 2757-2763.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2004.01.080]
[22]
Yang, W.; Yoon, Y.; Lee, Y.; Oh, H.; Choi, J.; Shin, S.; Lee, S.; Lee, H.; Lee, Y.; Seo, J. Photosensitizer-peptoid conjugates for photoinactivation of Gram-negative bacteria: structure-activity relationship and mechanistic studies. Org. Biomol. Chem., 2021, 19(29), 6546-6557.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D1OB00926E] [PMID: 34259297]
[23]
Meng, G.G.; James, B.R.; Skov, K.A. Porphyrin chemistry pertaining to the design of anti-cancer drugs; part 1, the synthesis of porphyrins containing meso-pyridyl and meso-substituted phenyl functional groups. Can. J. Chem., 1994, 72(9), 1894-1909.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-241]
[24]
Lefebvre, J.F.; Leclercq, D.; Gisselbrecht, J.P.; Richeter, S. Synthesis, characterization, and electronic properties of metallo-porphyrins annulated to exocyclic imidazole and imidazolium rings. Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2010, 2010(10), 1912-1920.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.200901310]
[25]
Crossley, M.J.; Sheehan, C.S.; Khoury, T.; Reimers, J.R.; Sintic, P.J. Construction of building blocks for extended porphyrin arrays by nitration of porphyrin-2,3-diones and quinoxalino[2,3-b]porphyrins. New J. Chem., 2008, 32(2), 340-352.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B712643C]
[26]
Lacerda, P.S.S.; Silva, A.M.G.; Tomé, A.C.; Neves, M.G.P.M.S.; Silva, A.M.S.; Cavaleiro, J.A.S.; Llamas-Saiz, A.L. [1,2,3]Triazolo[4,5-b]porphy-rins: New building blocks for porphyrinic materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2006, 45(33), 5487-5491.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200600747] [PMID: 16847984]
[27]
Crossley, M.J.; Govenlock, L.J.; Prashar, J.K. Synthesis of porphyrin-2,3,12,13- and -2,3,7,8-tetraones: building blocks for the synthesis of extended porphyrin arrays. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1995, 2379-2380.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c39950002379]
[28]
Tang, M.; Liang, Y.; Liu, J.; Bian, L.; Liu, Z. Mechanical trapping of the phlorin intermediate. CCS Chemistry, 2022, 4(10), 3230-3237.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.31635/ccschem.022.202101679]
[29]
Tang, M.; Liang, Y.; Liu, J.; Wu, L.; Wang, S.; Bian, L.; Jiang, L.; Tang, Z.B.; Liu, Z. Mechanical trapping and in situ derivatization of the porphodimethene intermediate. Mater. Today Chem., 2022, 24, 100868.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2022.100868]
[30]
Shi, D.F.; Wheelhouse, R.T. A novel, high-yielding synthesis of meso-substituted porphyrins via the direct arylation of porphine. Tetrahedron Lett., 2002, 43(51), 9341-9342.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(02)02339-0]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy