Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-398X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6387

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Case Report

Pathological Lung Ultrasound May Take Time to Resolve Despite Respiratory Symptoms Improvement: A Pediatric Case Series Followed for Long COVID

Author(s): Angela Klain*, Cristiana Indolfi, Giulio Dinardo, Marcella Contieri, Fabio Decimo and Michele Miraglia del Giudice

Volume 19, Issue 4, 2023

Published on: 17 July, 2023

Page: [263 - 267] Pages: 5

DOI: 10.2174/1573398X19666230619100036

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Long COVID affects 8 to 10 % of children. Currently, the COVID-19 follow- up protocols in children include chest auscultation, collection of growth parameters, including weight, height and body mass index, execution of the six-minute walking test, basal spirometry, and afterwards, bronchodilation test and lung ultrasound.

Case Presentation: In this paper, the authors describe a case series of long COVID followed up for 9 months at the Department of Pediatrics of the University Luigi Vanvitelli. The review of the literature was performed on PubMed using the keywords COVID-19, follow-up, children, and lung ultrasound. The aim of this article was to highlight the need to create custom follow-up programs for long Covid in children through the description of a case followed up at our Pediatric Department and a review of the current literature.

Discussion: The reversal of pathological lung ultrasound signs occurred in six or nine months despite the early improvement of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function. There are limited studies on the ultrasonography follow-up of kids with COVID-19 in the literature, and there are still no follow-up COVID-19 guidelines for paediatric population.

Conclusion: Pathological lung ultrasound in children recovered from COVID-19, may take time to resolve; therefore, evaluating patients with lung ultrasound in the following months could be a radiation- saving approach useful for children who have fully recovered and have no warning signs.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Cui X, Zhao Z, Zhang T, et al. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). J Med Virol 2021; 93(2): 1057-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26398] [PMID: 32761898]
[2]
Manti S, Licari A, Montagna L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in pediatric population. Acta Biomed 2020; 91(11-S): e2020003.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i11-S.10298] [PMID: 33004773]
[3]
Chiappini E, Licari A, Motisi MA, et al. Gastrointestinal involvement in children with SARS-COV-2 infection: An overview for the pediatrician. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2020; 31 (Suppl. 26): 92-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pai.13373]
[4]
Chiner-Vives E, Cordovilla-Pérez R, de la Rosa-Carrillo D, et al. Short and Long-Term Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Previous Respiratory Diseases. Arch Bronconeumol 2022; 58 (Suppl. 1): 39-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2022.03.011] [PMID: 35501222]
[5]
Parisi GF, Indolfi C, Decimo F, Leonardi S, Miraglia del Giudice M. COVID-19 Pneumonia in Children: From Etiology to Management. Front Pediatr 2020; 8616622.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.616622] [PMID: 33381482]
[6]
Bloise S, Isoldi S, Marcellino A, et al. Clinical picture and long-term symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection in an Italian pediatric population. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48(1): 79.
[7]
Parisi GF, Brindisi G, Indolfi C, et al. Upper airway involvement in pediatric COVID-19. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2020; 31(Suppl. 26): 85-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pai.13356]
[8]
Parisi GF, Brindisi G, Indolfi C, et al. COVID‐19, anosmia, and ageusia in atopic children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33(S27) (Suppl. 27): 99-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pai.13644] [PMID: 35080301]
[9]
Behnood SA, Shafran R, Bennett SD, et al. Persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection amongst children and young people: A meta-analysis of controlled and uncontrolled studies. J Infect 2022; 84(2): 158-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2021.11.011] [PMID: 34813820]
[10]
Esposito S, Principi N, Azzari C, et al. Italian intersociety consensus on management of long covid in children. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 481: 42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13052-022-01233-6]
[11]
Gupta M, Gupta N, Esang M. Long COVID in Children and Adolescents. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2022; 24(2): 21r03218.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/PCC.21r03218]
[12]
Venkatesan P. NICE guideline on long COVID. Lancet Respir Med 2021; 9(2): 129.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00031-X] [PMID: 33453162]
[13]
Yong SJ. Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments. Infect Dis (Lond) 2021; 53(10): 737-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2021.1924397] [PMID: 34024217]
[14]
Parisi GF, Diaferio L, Brindisi G, et al. Cross-Sectional Survey on Long Term Sequelae of Pediatric COVID-19 among Italian Pediatricians. Children (Basel) 2021; 8(9): 769.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8090769] [PMID: 34572201]
[15]
Bellan M, Soddu D, Balbo PE, et al. Respiratory and psychophysical sequelae among patients with COVID-19 four months after hospital discharge. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4(1): e2036142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36142] [PMID: 33502487]
[16]
Davis HE, Assaf GS, McCorkell L, et al. Characterizing long COVID in an International Cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. medRxiv 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.24.20248802]
[17]
Lerum TV, Aaløkken TM, Brønstad E, et al. Dyspnoea, lung function and CT findings 3 months after hospital admission for COVID-19. Eur Respir J 2021; 57(4): 2003448.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.03448-2020] [PMID: 33303540]
[18]
Goldman RD. Long COVID in children. Can Fam Physician 2022; 68(4): 263-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6804263] [PMID: 35418390]
[19]
Manti S, Licari A. How to obtain informed consent for research. Breathe (Sheff) 2018; 14(2): 145-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/20734735.001918] [PMID: 29875834]
[20]
Musolino AM, Supino MC, Buonsenso D, et al. Lung Ultrasound in Children with COVID-19: Preliminary Findings. Ultrasound Med Biol 2020; 46(8): 2094-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.04.026] [PMID: 32409232]
[21]
Allinovi M, Parise A, Giacalone M, et al. Lung Ultrasound May Support Diagnosis and Monitoring of COVID-19 Pneumonia. Ultrasound Med Biol 2020; 46(11): 2908-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.07.018] [PMID: 32807570]
[22]
Pereda MA, Chavez MA, Hooper-Miele CC, et al. Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2015; 135(4): 714-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-2833] [PMID: 25780071]
[23]
Yang Y, Huang Y, Gao F, Yuan L, Wang Z. Lung ultrasonography versus chest CT in COVID-19 pneumonia: a two-centered retrospective comparison study from China. Intensive Care Med 2020; 46(9): 1761-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06096-1] [PMID: 32451581]
[24]
Soldati G, Demi M, Smargiassi A, Inchingolo R, Demi L. The role of ultrasound lung artifacts in the diagnosis of respiratory diseases. Expert Rev Respir Med 2019; 13(2): 163-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2019.1565997] [PMID: 30616416]
[25]
Soldati G, Smargiassi A, Inchingolo R, et al. Proposal for International Standardization of the Use of Lung Ultrasound for Patients With COVID ‐19. J Ultrasound Med 2020; 39(7): 1413-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jum.15285] [PMID: 32227492]
[26]
Hernández-Píriz A, Tung-Chen Y, Jiménez-Virumbrales D, et al. Importance of lung ultrasound follow-up in patients who had recovered from coronavirus disease 2019: results from a prospective study. J Clin Med 2021; 10(14): 3196.
[27]
Espersen C, Platz E, Alhakak AS, et al. Lung ultrasound findings following COVID-19 hospitalization: A prospective longitudinal cohort study. Respir Med 2022; 197106826.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2022.106826] [PMID: 35453059]
[28]
Denina M, Pruccoli G, Scolfaro C, et al. Sequelae of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Children: A 4-Months Follow-Up. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39(12): e458-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002937] [PMID: 33003103]
[29]
Zubairi A, Shaikh A, Zubair S, Ali A, Awan S, Irfan M. Persistence of post-COVID lung parenchymal abnormalities during the three-month follow-up. Adv Respir Med 2021; 89(5): 477-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/ARM.a2021.0090] [PMID: 34612504]
[30]
Cardinale F, Ciprandi G, Barberi S, et al. Consensus statement of the Italian society of pediatric allergy and immunology for the pragmatic management of children and adolescents with allergic or immunological diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ital J Pediatr 2020; 46(1): 84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13052-020-00843-2] [PMID: 32546234]
[31]
Novembre E, Tosca M, Caffarelli C, et al. Management of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in children aged 5–11 years with allergies, asthma, and immunodeficiency: consensus of the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (SIAIP). Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48(1): 76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13052-022-01272-z] [PMID: 35578294]
[32]
La Tessa A, Motisi MA, Marseglia GL, et al. Use of remdesivir in children with COVID-19 infection: a quick narrative review. Acta Biomed 2021; 92(S7): e2021524.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.23750/abm.v92iS7.12396] [PMID: 34842595]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy