Abstract
In this revisited review, the authors aimed to discuss the general prevalence and burden of depression in patients diagnosed with heart failure. The postulated mechanisms of depression in patients with heart failure, the diagnostic approaches, methods as well as treatment options were all discussed. The safety of depression medications in heart failure patients was also discussed. Through the review of the updated literature and current guidelines, the authors concluded that a team approach is the best way to manage those types of patients.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Bozkurt B, Coats AJS, Tsutsui H, et al. Universal definition and classification of heart failure: A report of the heart failure society of America, heart failure association of the european society of cardiology, Japanese heart failure society and writing committee of the universal definition of heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2021; 23(3): 352-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.2115] [PMID: 33605000]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.2115] [PMID: 33605000]
[2]
Braunwald E. Shattuck lecture--cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: triumphs, concerns, and opportunities. N Engl J Med 1997; 337(19): 1360-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199711063371906] [PMID: 9358131]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199711063371906] [PMID: 9358131]
[3]
Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2021 update. Circulation 2021; 143(8): e254-743.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000950] [PMID: 33501848]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000950] [PMID: 33501848]
[4]
Bragazzi NL, Zhong W, Shu J, et al. Burden of heart failure and underlying causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 28(15): 1682-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa147] [PMID: 33571994]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa147] [PMID: 33571994]
[5]
Savarese G, Becher PM, Lund LH, Seferovic P, Rosano GMC, Coats AJS. Global burden of heart failure: A comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 118(17): 3272-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvac013] [PMID: 35150240]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvac013] [PMID: 35150240]
[6]
Shah KS, Xu H, Matsouaka RA, et al. Heart failure with preserved, borderline, and reduced ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70(20): 2476-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.074] [PMID: 29141781]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.074] [PMID: 29141781]
[7]
Chioncel O, Lainscak M, Seferovic PM, et al. Epidemiology and one-year outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved, mid-range and reduced ejection fraction: An analysis of the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2017; 19(12): 1574-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.813] [PMID: 28386917]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.813] [PMID: 28386917]
[8]
Hobbs FDR, Roalfe AK, Davis RC, Davies MK, Hare R. Prognosis of all-cause heart failure and borderline left ventricular systolic dysfunction: 5 year mortality follow-up of the Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening Study (ECHOES). Eur Heart J 2007; 28(9): 1128-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehm102] [PMID: 17459902]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehm102] [PMID: 17459902]
[9]
MacDonald MR, Tay WT, Teng THK, et al. Regional variation of mortality in heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction across Asia: outcomes in the ASIAN-HF registry. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9(1): e012199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.012199] [PMID: 31852421]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.012199] [PMID: 31852421]
[10]
Jones NR, Roalfe AK, Adoki I, Hobbs FDR, Taylor CJ. Survival of patients with chronic heart failure in the community: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2019; 21(11): 1306-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1594] [PMID: 31523902]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1594] [PMID: 31523902]
[11]
Henkel DM, Redfield MM, Weston SA, Gerber Y, Roger VL. Death in heart failure: A community perspective. Circ Heart Fail 2008; 1(2): 91-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.107.743146] [PMID: 19300532]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.107.743146] [PMID: 19300532]
[12]
Moradi M, Doostkami M, Behnamfar N, Rafiemanesh H, Behzadmehr R. Global prevalence of depression among heart failure patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Probl Cardiol 2022; 47(6): 100848.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100848] [PMID: 34006389]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100848] [PMID: 34006389]
[13]
Lin X, Gao BB, Huang J. Prevalence of depressive symptoms in patients with Heart Failure in China: Aa meta-analysis of comparative studies and epidemiological surveys. J Affect Disord 2020; 274: 774-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.099] [PMID: 32664014]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.099] [PMID: 32664014]
[14]
Mulugeta H, Sinclair PM, Wilson A. Prevalence of depression and its association with health-related quality of life in people with heart failure in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18(3): e0283146.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283146] [PMID: 36952483]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283146] [PMID: 36952483]
[15]
Celano CM, Villegas AC, Albanese AM, Gaggin HK, Huffman JC. Depression and anxiety in heart failure: A review. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2018; 26(4): 175-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000162] [PMID: 29975336]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000162] [PMID: 29975336]
[16]
van den Broek KC, deFilippi CR, Christenson RH, Seliger SL, Gottdiener JS, Kop WJ. Predictive value of depressive symptoms and B-type natriuretic peptide for new-onset heart failure and mortality. Am J Cardiol 2011; 107(5): 723-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.10.055] [PMID: 21316507]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.10.055] [PMID: 21316507]
[17]
Howren MB, Lamkin DM, Suls J. Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 2009; 71(2): 171-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907c1b] [PMID: 19188531]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907c1b] [PMID: 19188531]
[18]
Young JJ, Bruno D, Pomara N. A review of the relationship between proinflammatory cytokines and major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2014; 169: 15-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.07.032] [PMID: 25128861]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.07.032] [PMID: 25128861]
[19]
Redwine LS, Wirtz PH, Hong S, et al. Depression as a potential modulator of Beta-adrenergic-associated leukocyte mobilization in heart failure patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56(21): 1720-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.04.064] [PMID: 21070923]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.04.064] [PMID: 21070923]
[20]
Walter FA, Gathright E, Redle JD, Gunstad J, Hughes JW. Depressive symptoms are associated with heart rate variability independently of fitness: A cross-sectional study of patients with heart failure. Ann Behav Med 2019; 53(11): 955-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz006] [PMID: 30958884]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz006] [PMID: 30958884]
[21]
Luukinen H, Laippala P, Huikuri HV. Depressive symptoms and the risk of sudden cardiac death among the elderly. Eur Heart J 2003; 24(22): 2021-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2003.09.003] [PMID: 14613738]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2003.09.003] [PMID: 14613738]
[22]
Whang W, Albert CM, Sears SF Jr, et al. Depression as a predictor for appropriate shocks among patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45(7): 1090-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.053] [PMID: 15808769]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.053] [PMID: 15808769]
[23]
Mommersteeg PMC, Schoemaker RG, Eisel ULM, Garrelds IM, Schalkwijk CG, Kop WJ. Nitric oxide dysregulation in patients with heart failure: tThe association of depressive symptoms with L-arginine, asymmetric dimethylarginine, symmetric dimethylarginine, and isoprostane. Psychosom Med 2015; 77(3): 292-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000162] [PMID: 25790241]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000162] [PMID: 25790241]
[24]
Narita K, Murata T, Hamada T, et al. Interactions among higher trait anxiety, sympathetic activity, and endothelial function in the elderly. J Psychiatr Res 2007; 41(5): 418-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.01.003] [PMID: 16494899]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.01.003] [PMID: 16494899]
[25]
McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2021; 42(36): 3599-726.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368] [PMID: 34447992]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368] [PMID: 34447992]
[26]
Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation 2022; 145(18): e895-e1032.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063] [PMID: 35363499]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063] [PMID: 35363499]
[27]
Newhouse A, Jiang W. Heart failure and depression. Heart Fail Clin 2014; 10(2): 295-304.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2013.10.004] [PMID: 24656106]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2013.10.004] [PMID: 24656106]
[28]
Summary of the clinical practice guideline for the treatment of depression across three age cohorts. Am Psychol 2022; 77(6): 770-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000904] [PMID: 34843274]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000904] [PMID: 34843274]
[29]
Jeyanantham K, Kotecha D, Thanki D, Dekker R, Lane DA. Effects of cognitive behavioural therapy for depression in heart failure patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Fail Rev 2017; 22(6): 731-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10741-017-9640-5] [PMID: 28733911]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10741-017-9640-5] [PMID: 28733911]
[30]
Freedland KE, Carney RM, Rich MW, Steinmeyer BC, Rubin EH. Cognitive behavior therapy for depression and self-care in heart failure patients. JAMA Intern Med 2015; 175(11): 1773-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.5220] [PMID: 26414759]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.5220] [PMID: 26414759]
[31]
Rogers JG, Patel CB, Mentz RJ, et al. Palliative care in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70(3): 331-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.030] [PMID: 28705314]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.030] [PMID: 28705314]
[32]
Sbolli M, Fiuzat M, Cani D, O’Connor CM. Depression and heart failure: Tthe lonely comorbidity. Eur J Heart Fail 2020; 22(11): 2007-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1865] [PMID: 32468714]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1865] [PMID: 32468714]
[33]
O’Connor CM, Jiang W, Kuchibhatla M, et al. Safety and efficacy of sertraline for depression in patients with heart failure: results of the SADHART-CHF (Sertraline Against Depression and Heart Disease in Chronic Heart Failure) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56(9): 692-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.068] [PMID: 20723799]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.068] [PMID: 20723799]
[34]
Pellicori P, Clark AL. Clinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology-Heart Failure meeting 2015: AUGMENT-HF, TITRATION, STOP-HF, HARMONIZE, LION HEART, MOOD-HF, and renin-angiotensin inhibitors in patients with heart and renal failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2015; 17(9): 979-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.340] [PMID: 26289928]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.340] [PMID: 26289928]
[35]
Berlim MT, van den Eynde F, Tovar-Perdomo S, Daskalakis ZJ. Response, remission and drop-out rates following high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating major depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind and sham-controlled trials. Psychol Med 2014; 44(2): 225-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713000512] [PMID: 23507264]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713000512] [PMID: 23507264]
[36]
Doherty T, Wajs E, Melkote R, Miller J, Singh JB, Weber MA. Cardiac Safety of Esketamine Nasal Spray in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Results from the Clinical Development Program. CNS Drugs 2020; 34(3): 299-310.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-020-00699-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-020-00699-4]
[37]
Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J 2021; 42(34): 3227-337.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484] [PMID: 34458905]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484] [PMID: 34458905]
[38]
He W, Zhou Y, Ma J, Wei B, Fu Y. Effect of antidepressants on death in patients with heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 25(6): 919-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10741-019-09850-w] [PMID: 31529170]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10741-019-09850-w] [PMID: 31529170]
