Generic placeholder image

Current Functional Foods

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2666-8629
ISSN (Online): 2666-8637

Mini-Review Article

Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Aspects of Aegle marmelos: An Update

Author(s): Karan Agrawal, Devender Pathak and Mayank Kulshreshtha*

Volume 2, Issue 1, 2024

Published on: 18 August, 2023

Article ID: e010623217561 Pages: 12

DOI: 10.2174/2666862901666230601145034

Price: $65

Abstract

Due to its therapeutic characteristics, the Rutaceae family plant Aegle marmelos is one of the most important plants. The bilwa is used to treat a range of illnesses. The existence of this plant dates back to the age of the dinosaurs. The plant has a wide range of pharmacological properties, including the ability to heal wounds, act as an antipyretic, prevent diarrhoea, treat ulcers and constipation, exhibit radioprotective action, exert anti-arthritis activity, anti-thyroid activity, immunomodulatory activity, anti-fungal activity, anti-microbial activity, antioxidant activity, analgesic action, and cytoprotective action. The goal of this review is to summarise the molecular and scientific knowledge available regarding Aegle marmelos, including its phytochemical properties, pharmacological potential, and pharmacognostic traits. Data are acquired using Google, PubMed, Scholar, and other online sources.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Rahman S, Parvin R. Therapeutic potential of Aegle marmelos (L.)-An overview. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2014; 4(1): 71-7.
[2]
Gangadhar M, Shraddha K, Ganesh M. Antimicrobial screening of Garlic (Allium sativum) extracts and their effect on Glucoamylase activity in-vitro. J Appl Pharm Sci 2012; 2(1): 1-3.
[3]
Rahman MS, Salehin MF, Mostofa Ja MAH, Parvin A, Alam MK. Antibacterial activity of argemone mexicana L. against water borne microbes. Res J Med Plant 2011; 5(5): 621-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjmp.2011.621.626]
[4]
Manandhar B, Paudel KR, Sharma B, Karki R. Phytochemical profile and pharmacological activity of Aegle marmelos Linn. J Integr Med 2018; 16(3): 153-63.
[5]
Mishra BB, Singh DD, Kishore N, Tiwari VK, Tripathi V. Antifungal constituents isolated from the seeds of Aegle marmelos. Phytochemistry 2010; 71(2-3): 230-4.
[6]
Angajala G, Ramya R, Subashini R. In-vitro anti-inflammatory and mosquito larvicidal efficacy of nickel nanoparticles phytofabricated from aqueous leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos Correa. Acta Trop 2014; 135(135): 19-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.012] [PMID: 24681220]
[7]
Paudel KR, Lee UW, Kim DW. Chungtaejeon, A Korean fermented tea, prevents the risk of atherosclerosis in rats fed a high-fat atherogenic diet. J Integr Med 2016; 14(2): 134-42.
[8]
Veerappan A, Miyazaki S, Kadarkaraisamy M, Ranganathan D. Acute and subacute toxicity studies of Aegle marmelos Corr., an Indian medicinal plant. Phytomedicine 2007; 14(2-3): 209-15.
[9]
Available From: [https://www.nparks.Gov] (Accessed on: 12-Nov-2022).
[10]
Available From: [https://www.flowersofindia.Net/Catalog/Slides/Bel.Html] (Accessed on: 12-Nov-2022).
[11]
Choudhary S, Chaudhary G, Kaurav H. Aegle marmelos(bael patra): An ayurvedic plant with ethnomedicinal value. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 2021; 12(3): 147-56.
[12]
Sekar DK, Kumar G, Karthik L, Rao KB. A review on pharmacological and phytochemical properties of Aegle marmelos(L.) Corr. Serr.(Rutaceae). Asian J Plant Sci 2011; 1(2): 8-17.
[13]
Ajithkumar D, Seeni S. Rapid clonal multiplication through in vitro axillary shoot proliferation of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr., a medicinal tree. Plant Cell Rep 1998; 17(5): 422-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050418] [PMID: 30736583]
[14]
Roy C, Das SK. The protective role of Aegle marmelos on aspirin-induced gastro-duodenal ulceration in albino rat model: A possible involvement of antioxidants. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2012; 18(3): 188-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1319-3767.96452] [PMID: 22626798]
[15]
Mali SS, Dhumal RL, Havaldar VD, Shinde SS, Jadhav NY, Gaikwad BS. A systematic review on Aegle marmelos (Bael). Res J Pharmacognosy Phytochem 2020; 12(1): 31-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0975-4385.2020.00007.2]
[16]
The botany of citrus and its wild relatives of the orange subfamily (family Rutaceae, subfamily Aurantioideae). California: University of California Press 1943; pp. 1871-952.
[17]
Cottin R. Citrus of the world, a citrus directory version 2. France: SRA INRA-CIRAD 2002.
[18]
Bayer RJ, Mabberley DJ, Morton C, et al. A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily(Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences. Am J Bot 2009; 96(3): 668-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0800341] [PMID: 21628223]
[19]
Singh S, Kumar M, Kumatkar RB, Sharma JR, Singh S. Evaluation of Bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.) Germplasms for Seed and Qualitative Characters under Semi-Arid Conditions of Haryana. Int J Pure & Appl Biosci 2017; 5(3): 436-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2544]
[20]
Brijesh S, Daswani P, Tetali P, Antia N, Birdi T. Studies on the antidiarrhoeal activity of Aegle marmelos unripe fruit: Validating its traditional usage. BMC Complement Altern Med 2009; 9: 47.
[21]
Sharma PC, Bhatia V, Bansal N, Sharma A. A review on bael tree. Nat Prod Radiance 2007; 6(2): 171-8.
[22]
Roy SK, Singh RN. Bael fruit (Aegle marmelos)-A potential fruit for processing. Econ Bot 1979; 33(2): 203-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02858290]
[23]
Shakyawar SL, Rahman MA, Sundaram S, Alok S. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical, physico-chemical and phyto-pharmacognostical standardisation evaluation of the pulp (without seed), pericarp, leaves and seed of Aegle marmelosl. (BAEL). Int J Pharm Sci Res 2020; 11(7): 3489-506.
[24]
Kanimozhi S, Anitha R. Pharmacognostic evaluation of Aegle marmelos (L) Correa Leaves. Technological Innovation In Pharmaceutical Research. 2021; 6: pp. 53-8.
[25]
Parichha S. Bael (Aegle marmelos): Nature’s Most Natural Medicinal Fruit. Orissa Rev 2004; 9: 16-7.
[26]
Chakthong S, Weaaryee P, Puangphet P, et al. Alkaloid And coumarins from the green fruits of Aegle marmelos. Phytochemistry 2012; 75: 108-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.11.018] [PMID: 22196941]
[27]
Sharma B, Sharma P. Constituents of Aegle marmelos. Planta Med 1981; 43(9): 102-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971486] [PMID: 17402022]
[28]
Sharma BR, Rattan RK, Sharma P. Marmelene, an alkaloid, and other components of unripe fruits of Aegle marmelos. Phytochemistry 1981; 20(11): 2606-7.
[29]
Chatterjee A, Saha SK. Isolation Of Allo-Imperatorin And B-Sitosterol From The Fruits Of Aegle marmelos Correa. J Indian Chem Soc 1957; 34: 228-30.
[30]
Pynam H, Dharmesh SM. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of marmelosin from Bael (Aegle marmelos L.); Inhibition of TNF-α mediated inflammatory/tumor markers. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106(106): 98-108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.053] [PMID: 29957472]
[31]
Shinde PB, Katekhaye SD, Mulik MB, Laddha KS. Rapid simultaneous determination of marmelosin, umbelliferone and scopoletin from Aegle marmelos fruit by RP-HPLC. J Food Sci Technol 2014; 51(9): 2251-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1270-5] [PMID: 25190892]
[32]
Bhattacherjee AK, Dikshit A, Pandey D, Tandon DK. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of marmelosin and psoralen in bael (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa) fruit. J Food Sci Technol 2015; 52(1): 597-600.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1015-x]
[33]
Dhalwal K, Shinde VM, Namdeo AG, Mahadik KR. Antioxidant profile and HPTLC-densitometric analysis of umbelliferone and psoralen in Aegle marmelo Pharmaceut Bio 2008; 46(4): 266-72.
[34]
Prakash D, Upadhyay G, Pushpangadan P, Gupta C. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of some fruits. J Complement Integr Med 2011; 8(1): 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1553-3840.1513]
[35]
Rastogi RP, Mehrotra BN. Compendium of indian medicinal plants. 1990. Available from: [https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201300714845 (Accessed On:17-Nov-2022)
[36]
Chatterjee A, Sen R, Ganguly D, Aegelinol A. Aegelinol, a minor lactonic constituent of Aegle marmelos. Phytochemistry 1978; 17(2): 328-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94184-0]
[37]
Goswami S, Gupta VK, Sharma A, Gupta BD. Supramolecular structure of S-(+)-marmesin—a linear dihydrofuranocoumarin. Bull Mater Sci 2005; 28(7): 725-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02708544]
[38]
Chatterjee A, Bhattacharya A. 385 The isolation and constitution of marmin, a new coumarin from Aegle marmelos, Correa J Am Chem Soc. Resumed 1959; p. 19591922.
[39]
Chatterjee A, Mitra SS. On the constitution of the active principles isolated from the mature bark of Aegle marmelos, Correâ. J Am Chem Soc 1949; 71(2): 606-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01170a062] [PMID: 18112067]
[40]
Chatterjee A, Choudhury A. The structure of marmin, a new coumarin of Aegle marmelos correa. Semantic Scholar 1955; 42(18): 512.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00601207]
[41]
Mookerjee A. On the active principles of the bark of Aegle marmelos Corrêa. Curr Sci 1955; 12(7): 209.
[42]
Basu D, Sen R. Alkaloids and coumarins from root-bark of Aegle marmelos. Phytochemistry 1974; 13(10): 2329-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(74)85057-0]
[43]
Shoeb A, Kapil RS, Popli SP. Coumarins and alkaloids of Aegle marmelos. Phytochemistry 1973; 12(8): 2071.
[44]
Farooq S. 555 medicinal plants Field and laboratory manual (Identification with its phytochemical and in vitro studies data). New Delhi: International Book Distributors 2005; p. 530.
[45]
Laphookhieo S, Phungpanya C, Tantapakul C, Techa S, Tha-In S, Narmddorkmai W. Chemical Constituents From Aegle marmelos. J Braz Chem Soc 2010; 2010: 1-3.
[46]
Bhattacherjee AK, Dikshit A, Kumar PC, Pandey D, Tandon DK. Profiling nutraceuticals in bael [Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa] at various stages of fruit development. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 2016; 91(2): 167-74.
[47]
Shoba FG, Thomas M. Study of antidiarrhoeal activity of four medicinal plants in castor-oil induced diarrhoea. J Ethnopharmacol 2001; 76(1): 73-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00379-2]
[48]
Maity P, Hansda D, Bandyopadhyay U, Mishra DK. Biological activities of crude extracts and chemical constituents of Bael, Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Indian J Exp Biol 2009; 47(11): 849-61.
[PMID: 20099458]
[49]
Baliga MS, Bhat HP, Joseph N, Fazal F. Phytochemistry and medicinal uses of the bael fruit (Aegle marmelos Correa): A concise review. Indian J Exp Biol 2009; 47(11): 849-61.
[50]
Dhiman AK. Sacred plants and their medicinal uses. New Delhi: Daya Publishing House 2022.
[51]
Kar A, Choudhary BK, Bandyopadhyay NG. Comparative evaluation of hypoglycaemic activity of some indian medicinal plants in alloxan diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 84(1): 105-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00144-7]
[52]
Lampronti I, Martello D, Bianchi N, et al. In vitro antiproliferative effects on human tumor cell lines of extracts from the bangladeshi medicinal plant Aegle marmelos Correa. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 10(4): 300-8.
[53]
Karunanayake EH, Welihinda J, Sirimanne SR, Adorai GS. Oral hypoglycaemic activity of some medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. J Ethnopharmacol 1984; 11(2): 223-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(84)90040-0]
[54]
Singh AK, Singh S, Saroj PL, Krishna H, Singh RS, Singh RK. Research status of bael (Aegle marmelos) in India: A review. Indian J Agric Sci 2019; 89(10): 1563-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v89i10.94576]
[55]
Sharma N, Radha , Kumar M, et al. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa: An Underutilized Fruit with High Nutraceutical Values: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23(18): 10889.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810889] [PMID: 36142805]
[56]
Gutiérrez SP, Sánchez MA, González CP, García LA. Antidiarrhoeal activity of different plants used in traditional medicine. Afr J Biotechnol 2007; 6(25)
[57]
Dhuley JN. Investigation on the gastroprotective and antidiarrhoeal properties of Aegle marmelos unripe fruit extract. Hindustan Antibiot Bull 2003; 41(1-4): 41-6.
[58]
Sivaraj R, Balakrishnan A, Thenmozhi M, Venckatesh R. Antimicro-bial activity of Aegle marmelos, Ruta graveolens, Opuntia dellini, Euphorbia royleana and Euphorbia antiquorum. J Pharm Res 2011; 4(5): 1507-8.
[59]
Eep D, Seema D. Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa: A potential source of Phytomedicine. J Med Plants Res 2011; 5(9): 41-6.
[60]
Gupta D, John PP, Pankaj K, Kaushik R, Yadav R. Pharmacological Review of Aegle marmelos Corr. Fruits. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2011; 2(8): 2031.
[61]
Badam L, Bedekar SS, Sonawane KB, Joshi SP. In vitro antiviral activity of bael (Aegle marmelos Corr) upon human coxsackieviruses B1-B6. J Commun Dis 2002; 34(2): 88-99.
[PMID: 14768825]
[62]
Balasubramanian G, Sarathi M, Kumar SR, Hameed AS. Screening the antiviral activity of indian medicinal plants against white spot syndrome virus in shrimp. Aquaculture 2007; 263(1-4): 15-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.09.037]
[63]
Jagetia GC, Venkatesh P, Baliga MS. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa inhibits the proliferation of transplanted Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28(1): 58-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.28.58] [PMID: 15635164]
[64]
Baliga MS, Thilakchand KR, Rai MP, Rao S, Venkatesh P. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (Bael) and its phytochemicals in the treatment and prevention of cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2013; 12(3): 187-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534735412451320] [PMID: 23089553]
[65]
Patkar AN, Desai NV, Ranage AA, Kalekar KS. A review on Aegle marmelos: A potential medicinal tree. Int Res J Pharm 2012; 3(8): 86-91.
[66]
Vyas A, Bhargava S, Bhargava P, Shukla SS, Pandey R, Bhadauria RS. Evaluation Of Antipyretic Potential of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Leaves. Orient J Chem 2011; 17(1): 253.
[67]
Shankarananth V, Balakrishnan N, Suresh D, Sureshpandian G, Edwin E, Sheeja E. Analgesic activity of methanol extract of Aegle marmelos leaves. Fitoterapia 2007; 78(3): 258-9.
[68]
Sharma GN, Dubey SK, Sati N, Sanadya J. Ulcer healing potential of Aegle marmelos fruit seed. Asian J Pharm Life Sci 2011; 1(2): 172-8.
[69]
Trager W, Jensen JB. Human malaria parasites in continuous culture. Science 1976; 193(4254): 673-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.781840]
[70]
Kamaraj C, Kaushik NK, Rahuman AA, et al. Antimalarial activities of medicinal plants traditionally used in the villages of dharmapuri regions of south. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 141(3): 796-802.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.003]
[71]
Singh S, Singh SK, Srivastava S, et al. Experimental evaluation of diuretic activity of Aegle marmelos in rats. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2013; 3(1): 98-102.
[72]
Rajeshkannan C, Murugesan S, Lakshmanan G. Anxiolytic and antidepressant properties of Aegle marmelos: An overview. RJPP 2014; 3(1): 118-22.
[73]
Kothari S, Minda M, Tonpay SD. Anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of methanol extract of Aegle marmelos leaves in mice. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 54(4): 318-28.
[74]
Jagetia GC, Venkatesh P, Baliga MS. Evaluation of the radioprotective effect of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to different doses of Γ‐radiation: A micronucleus study. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2003; 18(4): 387-93.
[75]
Abdullakasim P, Songchitsomboon S, Techagumpuch M, Balee N, Swatsitang P, Sungpuag P. Antioxidant capacity, total phenolics and sugar content of selected thai health beverage. Int J Food Sci 2007; 58(1): 77-85.
[76]
Rajadurai M, Prince PS. Comparative effects of Aegle marmelos extract and alpha-tocopherol on serum lipids, lipid peroxides and cardiac enzyme levels in rats with isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. Singapore Med J 2005; 46(2): 78.
[77]
Maridonneau-Parini I, Braquet P, Garay RP. Heterogenous effect of flavonoids on K+ loss and lipid peroxidation induced by oxygen-free radicals in human red cells. Pharmacol Res Commun 1986; 18(1): 61-72.
[78]
Uddin S, Ahmad S. Dietary antioxidants protection against oxidative stress. Biochem Edu 1995; 31(1): 2-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(94)00097-9]
[79]
Korkina LG, Afanas’Ev IB. Antioxidant and chelating properties of flavonoids. Adv Pharmacol 1996; 38(38): 151-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1054-3589(08)60983-7]
[80]
Kar A, Panda S, Bharti S. Relative efficacy of three medicinal plant extracts in the alteration of thyroid hormone concentrations in male mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 81(2): 281-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00048-X]
[81]
Upadhya S, Shanbhag KK, Suneetha G, Balachandra Naidu M, Upadhya S. A study of hypoglycemic and antioxidant activity of Aegle marmelos in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2004; 48(4): 476-80.
[82]
Agrawal SS, Kumar A, Gullaiya S, et al. Antifertility activity of methanolic bark extract of Aegle marmelos (l.) in male wistar rats. Daru 2012; 20(1): 94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2008-2231-20-94] [PMID: 23351957]
[83]
Chauhan A, Agarwal M. Reversible changes in the antifertility induced by Aegle marmelos male albino rats. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2008; 54(6): 240-6.
[84]
Pitre S, Srivastava SK. Pharmacological, microbiological and phytochemical studies on roots of Aegle marmelos. J Ethnopharmacol 1988; 23(2-3): 356.
[85]
Jain NK. Antifungal activity of essential oil of Aegle marmelos Correa (Rutaceae). Ind Drugs Pharmaceut Ind 1977; 12: 55.
[86]
Anandharajan R, Jaiganesh S, Shankernarayanan NP, Viswakarma RA, Balakrishnan A. In vitro glucose uptake activity of Aegles marmelos and Syzygium cumini by activation of Glut-4, PI3 kinase and PPARgamma in L6 myotubes. Phytomedicine 2006; 13(6): 434-1.
[87]
Kamalakkannan N, Stanely Mainzen Prince P. Antihyperlipidaemic effect of Aegle marmelos fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. J Sci Food Agric 2005; 85(4): 569-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1978]
[88]
Hema CG, Lalitha K. Screening of pharmacological actions of Aegle marmelos. Indian J Pharmacol 1988; 20(2): 80.
[89]
Kamalakkannan N, Prince PS. Hypoglycaemic effect of water extracts of Aegle marmelos fruits in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 87(2-3): 207-10.
[90]
Pattanayak SP, Sunita P. Wound healing, anti-microbial and antioxidant potential of Dendrophthoe falcata (Lf) Ettingsh. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 120(2): 241-7.
[91]
Arul V, Miyazaki S, Dhananjayan R. Mechanisms of the contractile effect of the alcoholic extract of Aegle marmelos Corr. on isolated guinea pig ileum and tracheal chain. Phytomedicine 2004; 11(7-8): 679-83.
[92]
Trivedi HP, Pathak NL, Gavaniya MG, Patel AK, Trivedi HD, Panchal NM. Aegle marmelos suppresses inflammation and cartilage destruction in collagen-induced arthritic rat. IJPRD 2011; 3(4): 38-45.
[93]
Vinodhini R, Narayanan M. Cytoprotective effect of Nelumbo nucifera and Aegle marmelos in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) exposed to heavy metals. Int J Integr Biol 2009; 7(2): 124-9.
[94]
Swarnkar R, Singh D, Choudhary A, Anand S, Rathore A, Jediya HK. Pharmacological Properties of Aegle marmelos: A Review. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2019; 8(5): 1600-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.805.185]
[95]
Jhajhria A, Kumar K. Tremendous pharmacological values of Aegle marmelos. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2016; 36(2): 121-7.
[96]
Singh SK. Aegle marmelos protects hepatocytes from paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. Indian J Sci Res 2013; 4(1): 53-6.
[97]
Choubey A, Choubey A, Mishra A, Mishra S, Patil UK. Evaluation of the immunomodulatory activity of methanolic and ethanolic extract of leaves of Aegle marmelos in rats. Int J Drug Dev Res 2010; 2(3)
[98]
Asdaq SMB, Govinda HV. Immunomodulatory potential of methanol extract of Aegle marmelos in animals. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 73(2): 235-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.91571] [PMID: 22303072]
[99]
Raheja S, Girdhar A, Kamboj A, Lather V, Pandita D. Aegle marmelos leaf extract ameliorates the cognitive impairment and oxidative stress induced by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin in male rats. Life Sci 2019; 221(221): 196-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.02.032] [PMID: 30771313]
[100]
Kruawan K, Kangsadalampai K. Antioxidant activity, phenolic compound contents and antimutagenic activity of some water extract of herbs. Thai J Pharm Sci 2006; 30(1): 28-35.
[102]
Available From: [https://himalayawellness.ae/products/himalayas-bael-tablets-60s] (Accessed On:17-Nov-2022)
[104]
[106]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy