Abstract
A worldwide outbreak of respiratory illnesses has been caused by coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Traditional healers have used herbs and dietary plants for centuries to treat various conditions. This review discusses the prevention of COVID-19, multiple herbs used in the treatment of COVID-19, and their future perspectives. Various databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, and Google Scholar, were searched for articles related to herbal products' antiviral effects using different keywords: herbal, SARS-CoV-2, plant-derived drugs, COVID-19, coronavirus, etc. Herbal treatment has been used as a contemporary alternative medicine for COVID-19. By inhibiting the replication and entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells, herbs can inhibit the pathogenesis of COVID-19. This article discusses COVID-19 infection, its salient features, spread, the life cycle of coronavirus, active response to coronavirus, proposed treatment, and herbal drugs used in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
Graphical Abstract
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00221-18] [PMID: 29511076]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138277] [PMID: 32278175]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051583] [PMID: 32456123]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-3037.2015.04.02.2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105086] [PMID: 34064950]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101165] [PMID: 32379692]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13615-X] [PMID: 12814717]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01239] [PMID: 32574273]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm0493008] [PMID: 15715493]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.31012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14756366.2012.753591] [PMID: 23323951]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpp/rgab014] [PMID: 33779758]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.581840] [PMID: 33071794]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.11.023] [PMID: 16403542]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15007-020-2644-9] [PMID: 33343096]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12937-020-00643-8] [PMID: 33208167]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109934] [PMID: 32512493]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules21030331] [PMID: 26978330]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5571] [PMID: 26816234]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np400701k] [PMID: 24467387]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173157] [PMID: 31480226]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i16.2529] [PMID: 23674855]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2017.64] [PMID: 28151459]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.257] [PMID: 17887935]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.2007001] [PMID: 18392106]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871524911006030238] [PMID: 20528765]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5582/ddt.2011.v5.4.195] [PMID: 22466301]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534735406298975] [PMID: 17351028]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08923979909007135] [PMID: 10584205]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00156-06] [PMID: 16960108]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1803968] [PMID: 32762511]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/18755402MTExEMzQt1] [PMID: 33172372]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.148] [PMID: 29966984]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/671058]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.12071997.v1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700238]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.014] [PMID: 28343845]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13337-020-00598-8] [PMID: 32656311]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104921] [PMID: 32464325]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.022] [PMID: 30978349]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.026] [PMID: 32169481]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1780947] [PMID: 32552595]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2020.08.003] [PMID: 32837101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5325] [PMID: 25808883]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox6040091] [PMID: 29144438]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22040439] [PMID: 28333074]
[PMID: 34151733]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.146554] [PMID: 25624701]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.12599915.v1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2012.12.003] [PMID: 23238172]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S183191] [PMID: 30538497]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00715] [PMID: 31417401]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v18.025] [PMID: 34745807]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2006.08.005] [PMID: 16971083]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2775] [PMID: 19172666]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2020.02.008] [PMID: 32292689]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.009] [PMID: 32296570]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.02.003] [PMID: 21329720]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.07.012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5782] [PMID: 28198157]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2018.12.004] [PMID: 30670267]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11130-016-0594-x] [PMID: 28084608]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C7FO00957G] [PMID: 28875201]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00423] [PMID: 29765322]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.27045] [PMID: 29932250]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules21040465] [PMID: 27070563]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biof.1516] [PMID: 31206893]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2017.07.001] [PMID: 28899496]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2671-8] [PMID: 30736813]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1774419] [PMID: 32462988]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2021.622898] [PMID: 33889562]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129390] [PMID: 33041371]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00686] [PMID: 30127736]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08923973.2015.1038751] [PMID: 25990850]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9149] [PMID: 29901094]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60038-0] [PMID: 23569894]
[PMID: 28512601]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.147] [PMID: 30841432]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5554259]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np970169z]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8060185] [PMID: 31151279]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm070295s] [PMID: 17663539]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1779129] [PMID: 32567989]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2023] [PMID: 17089328]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104102] [PMID: 33190011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphs.2018.06.004] [PMID: 29970291]