Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Cardiology Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-403X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6557

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Clinical and Structural Factors Affecting Ablation Outcomes in Atrial Fibrillation Patients - A Review

Author(s): Justin Brilliant*, Ritu Yadav*, Tauseef Akhtar, Hugh Calkins, Natalia Trayanova and David Spragg

Volume 19, Issue 5, 2023

Published on: 25 May, 2023

Article ID: e310323215329 Pages: 14

DOI: 10.2174/1573403X19666230331103153

Price: $65

Abstract

Catheter ablation is an effective and durable treatment option for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Ablation outcomes vary widely, with optimal results in patients with paroxysmal AF and diminishing results in patients with persistent or long-standing persistent AF. A number of clinical factors including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, and alcohol use contribute to AF recurrence following ablation, likely through modulation of the atrial electroanatomic substrate. In this article, we review the clinical risk factors and the electro-anatomic features that contribute to AF recurrence in patients undergoing ablation for AF.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Morillo CA, Banerjee A, Perel P, Wood D, Jouven X. Atrial fibrillation: The current epidemic. J Geriatr Cardiol 2017; 14(3): 195-203.
[PMID: 28592963]
[2]
Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, et al. 2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2017; 14(10): e275-444.
[3]
Kornej J, Börschel CS, Benjamin EJ, Schnabel RB. Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in the 21st century: Novel methods and new insights. Circ Res 2020; 127(1): 4-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.316340] [PMID: 32716709]
[4]
Mark DB, Anstrom KJ, Sheng S, et al. Effect of catheter ablation vs medical therapy on quality of life among patients with atrial fibrillation: The CABANA randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2019; 321(13): 1275-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.0692] [PMID: 30874716]
[5]
Jin MN, Kim TH, Kang KW, et al. Atrial fibrillation catheter ablation improves 1-year follow-up cognitive function, especially in patients with impaired cognitive function. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2019; 12(7): e007197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.119.007197] [PMID: 31442075]
[6]
Thrall G, Lane D, Carroll D, Lip GY. Quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation: A systematic review. Am J Med 2006; 119(5): 441-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.10.057]
[7]
Walters TE, Wick K, Tan G, et al. Psychological distress and suicidal ideation in patients with atrial fibrillation: Prevalence and response to management strategy. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7(18): e005502.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005502] [PMID: 30371197]
[8]
Andrade JG, Deyell MW, Verma A, Macle L, Khairy P. The cryoballoon vs irrigated radiofrequency catheter ablation (CIRCA-DOSE) study results in context. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2020; 9(1): 34-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/aer.2019.13] [PMID: 32637118]
[9]
Marrouche NF, Brachmann J, Committee CAS. Catheter ablation versus standard conventional treatment in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and atrial fibrillation (CASTLE-AF)-study design. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009; 32(8): 987-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02428.x] [PMID: 19659616]
[10]
Packer DL, Kowal RC, Wheelan KR, et al. Cryoballoon ablation of pulmonary veins for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: First results of the North American Arctic Front (STOP AF) pivotal trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61(16): 1713-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.064] [PMID: 23500312]
[11]
Prabhu S, Taylor AJ, Costello BT, et al. Catheter ablation versus medical rate control in atrial fibrillation and systolic dysfunction: The CAMERA-MRI study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70(16): 1949-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.041] [PMID: 28855115]
[12]
Ganesan AN, Shipp NJ, Brooks AG, et al. Long-term outcomes of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2(2): e004549.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.112.004549] [PMID: 23537812]
[13]
Scherr D, Khairy P, Miyazaki S, et al. Five-year outcome of catheter ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation using termination of atrial fibrillation as a procedural endpoint. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015; 8(1): 18-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.114.001943] [PMID: 25528745]
[14]
Jalife J, Berenfeld O, Skanes A, Mandapati R. Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: mother rotors or multiple daughter wavelets, or both? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998; 9 (Suppl. 8): S2-S12.
[PMID: 9727669]
[15]
Kottkamp H, Schreiber D. The substrate in “early persistent” atrial fibrillation: arrhythmia induced, risk factor induced, or from a specific fibrotic atrial cardiomyopathy? DC. American College of Cardiology Foundation Washington 2016; Vol. 2: 140-2.
[16]
Potpara TS, Stankovic GR, Beleslin BD, et al. A 12-year follow-up study of patients with newly diagnosed lone atrial fibrillation: implications of arrhythmia progression on prognosis: The Belgrade Atrial Fibrillation study. Chest 2012; 141(2): 339-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.11-0340] [PMID: 21622553]
[17]
Allessie M, Ausma J, Schotten U. Electrical, contractile and structural remodeling during atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 2002; 54(2): 230-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6363(02)00258-4] [PMID: 12062329]
[18]
Nattel S, Burstein B, Dobrev D. Atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation: Mechanisms and implications. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2008; 1(1): 62-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.107.754564] [PMID: 19808395]
[19]
Fynn SP, Todd DM, Hobbs WJC, Armstrong KL, Fitzpatrick AP, Garratt CJ. Clinical evaluation of a policy of early repeated internal cardioversion for recurrence of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2002; 13(2): 135-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-8167.2002.00135.x] [PMID: 11902145]
[20]
Teh AW, Kistler PM, Lee G, et al. Long-term effects of catheter ablation for lone atrial fibrillation: Progressive atrial electroanatomic substrate remodeling despite successful ablation. Heart Rhythm 2012; 9(4): 473-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.11.013] [PMID: 22079885]
[21]
Cuspidi C, Negri F, Sala C, Valerio C, Mancia G. Association of left atrial enlargement with left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction: A tissue Doppler study in echocardiographic practice. Blood Press 2012; 21(1): 24-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08037051.2011.618262] [PMID: 21992028]
[22]
Cuspidi C, Rescaldani M, Sala C. Prevalence of echocardiographic left-atrial enlargement in hypertension: A systematic review of recent clinical studies. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26(4): 456-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpt001] [PMID: 23388831]
[23]
Shen MJ, Arora R, Jalife J. Atrial myopathy. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2019; 4(5): 640-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.05.005] [PMID: 31768479]
[24]
Zhuang J, Wang Y, Tang K, et al. Association between left atrial size and atrial fibrillation recurrence after single circumferential pulmonary vein isolation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Europace 2012; 14(5): 638-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/eur364] [PMID: 22117033]
[25]
Burstein B, Nattel S. Atrial fibrosis: Mechanisms and clinical relevance in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51(8): 802-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.064] [PMID: 18294563]
[26]
Carver W, Nagpal ML, Nachtigal M, Borg TK, Terracio L. Collagen expression in mechanically stimulated cardiac fibroblasts. Circ Res 1991; 69(1): 116-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.69.1.116] [PMID: 2054929]
[27]
Leask A. Potential therapeutic targets for cardiac fibrosis: TGFbeta, angiotensin, endothelin, CCN2, and PDGF, partners in fibroblast activation. Circ Res 2010; 106(11): 1675-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.217737] [PMID: 20538689]
[28]
Riser BL, Cortes P, Heilig C, et al. Cyclic stretching force selectively up-regulates transforming growth factor-beta isoforms in cultured rat mesangial cells. Am J Pathol 1996; 148(6): 1915-23.
[PMID: 8669477]
[29]
Chen MM, Lam A, Abraham JA, Schreiner GF, Joly AH. CTGF expression is induced by TGF-β in cardiac fibroblasts and cardiac myocytes: A potential role in heart fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2000; 32(10): 1805-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmcc.2000.1215] [PMID: 11013125]
[30]
Schotten U, Neuberger HR, Allessie MA. The role of atrial dilatation in the domestication of atrial fibrillation. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2003; 82(1-3): 151-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6107(03)00012-9] [PMID: 12732275]
[31]
Yokoyama T, Sekiguchi K, Tanaka T, et al. Angiotensin II and mechanical stretch induce production of tumor necrosis factor in cardiac fibroblasts. Am J Physiol 1999; 276(6): H1968-76.
[PMID: 10362677]
[32]
Kamkin A, Kiseleva I, Isenberg G. Activation and inactivation of a non-selective cation conductance by local mechanical deformation of acutely isolated cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiovasc Res 2003; 57(3): 793-803.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6363(02)00775-7] [PMID: 12618241]
[33]
Kurotobi T, Iwakura K, Inoue K, et al. A pre-existent elevated C-reactive protein is associated with the recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias after catheter ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Europace 2010; 12(9): 1213-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euq155] [PMID: 20501471]
[34]
Mayyas F, Niebauer M, Zurick A, et al. Association of left atrial endothelin-1 with atrial rhythm, size, and fibrosis in patients with structural heart disease. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010; 3(4): 369-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.109.924985] [PMID: 20495015]
[35]
Hohmann C, Pfister R, Mollenhauer M, et al. Inflammatory cell infiltration in left atrial appendageal tissues of patients with atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm. Sci Rep 2020; 10(1): 1685.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58797-8] [PMID: 32015492]
[36]
Verma A, Wazni OM, Marrouche NF, et al. Pre-existent left atrial scarring in patients undergoing pulmonary vein antrum isolation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45(2): 285-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.10.035] [PMID: 15653029]
[37]
Kottkamp H, Bender R, Berg J. Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: How to modify the substrate? J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65(2): 196-206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.034] [PMID: 25593061]
[38]
Marrouche NF, Greene T, Dean JM, et al. Efficacy of LGE-MRI-guided fibrosis ablation versus conventional catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: The DECAAF II trial: Study design. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2021; 32(4): 916-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jce.14957] [PMID: 33600025]
[39]
Marrouche NF, Wilber D, Hindricks G, et al. Association of atrial tissue fibrosis identified by delayed enhancement MRI and atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: The DECAAF study. JAMA 2014; 311(5): 498-506.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.3] [PMID: 24496537]
[40]
Vergara GR, Marrouche NF. Tailored management of atrial fibrillation using a LGE-MRI based model: From the clinic to the electrophysiology laboratory. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011; 22(4): 481-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2010.01941.x] [PMID: 21044212]
[41]
Akoum N, Daccarett M, McGann C, et al. Atrial fibrosis helps select the appropriate patient and strategy in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: A DE-MRI guided approach. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011; 22(1): 16-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2010.01876.x] [PMID: 20807271]
[42]
Ali RL, Hakim JB, Boyle PM, et al. Arrhythmogenic propensity of the fibrotic substrate after atrial fibrillation ablation: A longitudinal study using magnetic resonance imaging-based atrial models. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 115(12): 1757-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvz083] [PMID: 30977811]
[43]
Wesselink Robin, Vroomen Mindy, Overeinder Ingrid, Neefs Jolien. A failed catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation is associated with more advanced remodeling and reduced efficacy of further thoracoscopic ablation. Rev Esp Cardiol 2022; S1885-5857(22): 00241-9.
[44]
Kanagaratnam P, Cherian A, Stanbridge RDL, Glenville B, Severs NJ, Peters NS. Relationship between connexins and atrial activation during human atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2004; 15(2): 206-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-8167.2004.03280.x] [PMID: 15028052]
[45]
Chaldoupi SM, Loh P, Hauer RNW, de Bakker JMT, van Rijen HVM. The role of connexin40 in atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 84(1): 15-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvp203] [PMID: 19535379]
[46]
Hagendorff A, Schumacher B, Kirchhoff S, Lüderitz B, Willecke K. Conduction disturbances and increased atrial vulnerability in Connexin40-deficient mice analyzed by transesophageal stimulation. Circulation 1999; 99(11): 1508-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.11.1508] [PMID: 10086977]
[47]
Kato T, Iwasaki Y-k, Nattel S. Connexins and atrial fibrillation: filling in the gaps. Am Heart Assoc 2012; 125: 203-6.
[48]
Kirchhoff S, Nelles E, Hagendorff A, Krüger O, Traub O, Willecke K. Reduced cardiac conduction velocity and predisposition to arrhythmias in connexin40-deficient mice. Curr Biol 1998; 8(5): 299-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70114-9] [PMID: 9501070]
[49]
Ausma J, van der Velden HMW, Lenders MH, et al. Reverse structural and gap-junctional remodeling after prolonged atrial fibrillation in the goat. Circulation 2003; 107(15): 2051-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000062689.04037.3F] [PMID: 12681996]
[50]
Bikou O, Thomas D, Trappe K, et al. Connexin 43 gene therapy prevents persistent atrial fibrillation in a porcine model. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 92(2): 218-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvr209] [PMID: 21799069]
[51]
Igarashi T, Finet JE, Takeuchi A, et al. Connexin gene transfer preserves conduction velocity and prevents atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2012; 125(2): 216-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.053272] [PMID: 22158756]
[52]
Laurent G, Leong-Poi H, Mangat I, et al. Effects of chronic gap junction conduction-enhancing antiarrhythmic peptide GAP-134 administration on experimental atrial fibrillation in dogs. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2009; 2(2): 171-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.108.790212] [PMID: 19808462]
[53]
Shiroshita-Takeshita A, Sakabe M, Haugan K, Hennan JK, Nattel S. Model-dependent effects of the gap junction conduction-enhancing antiarrhythmic peptide rotigaptide (ZP123) on experimental atrial fibrillation in dogs. Circulation 2007; 115(3): 310-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.665547] [PMID: 17224477]
[54]
Duytschaever M, Danse P, Allessie M. Supervulnerable phase immediately after termination of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2002; 13(3): 267-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-8167.2002.00267.x] [PMID: 11942596]
[55]
Courtemanche M, Ramirez RJ, Nattel S. Ionic mechanisms underlying human atrial action potential properties: Insights from a mathematical model. Am J Physiol 1998; 275(1): H301-21.
[PMID: 9688927]
[56]
Li GR, Nattel S. Properties of human atrial ICa at physiological temperatures and relevance to action potential. Am J Physiol 1997; 272(1 Pt 2): H227-35.
[PMID: 9038942]
[57]
Wijffels MCEF, Kirchhof CJHJ, Dorland R, Allessie MA. Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation. A study in awake chronically instrumented goats. Circulation 1995; 92(7): 1954-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.92.7.1954] [PMID: 7671380]
[58]
Bosch R, Zeng X, Grammer JB, Popovic K, Mewis C, Kühlkamp V. Ionic mechanisms of electrical remodeling in human atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 1999; 44(1): 121-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6363(99)00178-9] [PMID: 10615396]
[59]
Martins RP, Kaur K, Hwang E, et al. Dominant frequency increase rate predicts transition from paroxysmal to long-term persistent atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2014; 129(14): 1472-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004742] [PMID: 24463369]
[60]
Sim I, Bishop M, O’Neill M, Williams SE. Left atrial voltage mapping: Defining and targeting the atrial fibrillation substrate. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2019; 56(3): 213-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10840-019-00537-8] [PMID: 31076965]
[61]
Huang SY, Lin YJ, Tsao HM, et al. The biatrial substrate properties in different types of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2011; 8(7): 961-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.01.046] [PMID: 21315847]
[62]
Kofune M, Okumura Y, Watanabe I, et al. Comparative distribution of complex fractionated atrial electrograms, High Dominant Frequency (HDF) sites during atrial fibrillation and HDF sites during sinus rhythm. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2013; 36(3): 297-306.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10840-012-9748-4] [PMID: 23179918]
[63]
Sasaki N, Watanabe I, Okumura Y, et al. Complex fractionated atrial electrograms, high dominant frequency regions, and left atrial voltages during sinus rhythm and atrial fibrillation. J Arrhythm 2017; 33(3): 185-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joa.2016.10.001] [PMID: 28607613]
[64]
Masuda M, Asai M, Iida O, et al. Additional low-voltage-area ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: results of the randomized controlled VOLCANO trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9(13): e015927.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.015927] [PMID: 32578466]
[65]
Rolf S, Kircher S, Arya A, et al. Tailored atrial substrate modification based on low-voltage areas in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014; 7(5): 825-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.113.001251] [PMID: 25151631]
[66]
Sunaga A, Masuda M, Inoue K, et al. The efficacy and safety of left atrial low-voltage area guided ablation for recurrence prevention compared to pulmonary vein isolation alone in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation trial: Design and rationale. Clin Cardiol 2021; 44(9): 1249-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.23677] [PMID: 34291484]
[67]
Ashikaga K, Kobayashi T, Kimura M, et al. Effects of amiodarone on electrical and structural remodeling induced in a canine rapid pacing-induced persistent atrial fibrillation model. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 536(1-2): 148-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.02.023] [PMID: 16556442]
[68]
Shinagawa K, Shiroshita-Takeshita A, Schram G, Nattel S. Effects of antiarrhythmic drugs on fibrillation in the remodeled atrium: insights into the mechanism of the superior efficacy of amiodarone. Circulation 2003; 107(10): 1440-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000055316.35552.74] [PMID: 12642367]
[69]
Benák A, Kohári M, Herczeg A, et al. Selecting persistent atrial fibrillation patients for pulmonary vein isolation based on the response to amiodarone: efficacy of the “one step back” strategy. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2019; 56(3): 291-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10840-019-00524-z] [PMID: 30820779]
[70]
Slotwiner D, Steinberg J. Limited ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation using preprocedure reverse remodelling. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2014; 3(2): 101-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/aer.2014.3.2.101] [PMID: 26835074]
[71]
Asad Z, Abbas M, Javed I, Korantzopoulos P, Stavrakis S. Obesity is associated with incident atrial fibrillation independent of gender: A meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2018; 29(5): 725-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jce.13458] [PMID: 29443438]
[72]
Tsang TSM, Barnes ME, Miyasaka Y, et al. Obesity as a risk factor for the progression of paroxysmal to permanent atrial fibrillation: A longitudinal cohort study of 21 years. Eur Heart J 2008; 29(18): 2227-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehn324] [PMID: 18611964]
[73]
Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Meredith M, et al. Long-term effect of goal-directed weight management in an atrial fibrillation cohort: A long-term follow-up study (LEGACY). J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65(20): 2159-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.002] [PMID: 25792361]
[74]
Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Lau DH, et al. Aggressive risk factor reduction study for atrial fibrillation and implications for the outcome of ablation: The ARREST-AF cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64(21): 2222-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.028] [PMID: 25456757]
[75]
Friedman DJ, Wang N, Meigs JB, et al. Pericardial fat is associated with atrial conduction: The Framingham Heart Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3(2): e000477.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.113.000477] [PMID: 24595189]
[76]
Nakamori S, Nezafat M, Ngo LH, Manning WJ, Nezafat R. Left atrial epicardial fat volume is associated with atrial fibrillation: A prospective cardiovascular magnetic resonance 3D Dixon study. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7(6): e008232.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.008232] [PMID: 29572324]
[77]
Venteclef N, Guglielmi V, Balse E, et al. Human epicardial adipose tissue induces fibrosis of the atrial myocardium through the secretion of adipo-fibrokines. Eur Heart J 2015; 36(13): 795-805.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht099] [PMID: 23525094]
[78]
Otsuka N, Okumura Y, Arai M, et al. Effect of obesity and epicardial fat/fatty infiltration on electrical and structural remodeling associated with atrial fibrillation in a novel canine model of obesity and atrial fibrillation: A comparative study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2021; 32(4): 889-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jce.14955] [PMID: 33600010]
[79]
Zghaib T, Ipek EG, Zahid S, et al. Association of left atrial epicardial adipose tissue with electrogram bipolar voltage and fractionation: Electrophysiologic substrates for atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13(12): 2333-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.08.030] [PMID: 27546816]
[80]
Krahn AD, Manfreda J, Tate RB, Mathewson FAL, Cuddy TE. The natural history of atrial fibrillation: Incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the manitoba follow-up study. Am J Med 1995; 98(5): 476-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80348-9] [PMID: 7733127]
[81]
Vaziri SM, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Echocardiographic predictors of nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1994; 89(2): 724-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.89.2.724] [PMID: 8313561]
[82]
Vaziri SM, Larson MG, Lauer MS, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Influence of blood pressure on left atrial size. The Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension 1995; 25(6): 1155-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.25.6.1155] [PMID: 7768556]
[83]
Kannel WB, Abbott RD, Savage DD, McNamara PM. Epidemiologic features of chronic atrial fibrillation: The Framingham study. N Engl J Med 1982; 306(17): 1018-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198204293061703] [PMID: 7062992]
[84]
Huxley RR, Lopez FL, Folsom AR, et al. Absolute and attributable risks of atrial fibrillation in relation to optimal and borderline risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation 2011; 123(14): 1501-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.009035] [PMID: 21444879]
[85]
de Vos CB, Pisters R, Nieuwlaat R, et al. Progression from paroxysmal to persistent atrial fibrillation clinical correlates and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55(8): 725-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.040] [PMID: 20170808]
[86]
Verdecchia P, Staessen JA, Angeli F, et al. Usual versus tight control of systolic blood pressure in non-diabetic patients with hypertension (Cardio-Sis): An open-label randomised trial. Lancet 2009; 374(9689): 525-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61340-4] [PMID: 19683638]
[87]
Soliman EZ, Rahman AF, Zhang Z, et al. Effect of intensive blood pressure lowering on the risk of atrial fibrillation. Hypertension 2020; 75(6): 1491-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14766] [PMID: 32362229]
[88]
Lau DH, Mackenzie L, Kelly DJ, et al. Hypertension and atrial fibrillation: Evidence of progressive atrial remodeling with electrostructural correlate in a conscious chronically instrumented ovine model. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7(9): 1282-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.05.010] [PMID: 20466075]
[89]
Lau DH, Shipp NJ, Kelly DJ, et al. Atrial arrhythmia in ageing spontaneously hypertensive rats: Unraveling the substrate in hypertension and ageing. PLoS One 2013; 8(8): e72416.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072416] [PMID: 24013508]
[90]
Kim SJ, Choisy SCM, Barman P, et al. Atrial remodeling and the substrate for atrial fibrillation in rat hearts with elevated afterload. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011; 4(5): 761-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.111.964783] [PMID: 21862733]
[91]
Kistler PM, Sanders P, Dodic M, et al. Atrial electrical and structural abnormalities in an ovine model of chronic blood pressure elevation after prenatal corticosteroid exposure: Implications for development of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2006; 27(24): 3045-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehl360] [PMID: 17098760]
[92]
Lau DH, Mackenzie L, Kelly DJ, et al. Short-term hypertension is associated with the development of atrial fibrillation substrate: A study in an ovine hypertensive model. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7(3): 396-404.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.11.031] [PMID: 20185115]
[93]
Medi C, Kalman JM, Spence SJ, et al. Atrial electrical and structural changes associated with longstanding hypertension in humans: Implications for the substrate for atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011; 22(12): 1317-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2011.02125.x] [PMID: 21736657]
[94]
Goette A, Lendeckel U. Electrophysiological effects of angiotensin II. Part I: Signal transduction and basic electrophysiological mechanisms. Europace 2008; 10(2): 238-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/eum283] [PMID: 18256129]
[95]
Healey JS, Baranchuk A, Crystal E, et al. Prevention of atrial fibrillation with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: A meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45(11): 1832-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.070] [PMID: 15936615]
[96]
Chekakie MOA, Akar JG, Wang F, et al. The effects of statins and renin-angiotensin system blockers on atrial fibrillation recurrence following antral pulmonary vein isolation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007; 18(9): 942-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.00887.x] [PMID: 17593228]
[97]
Parkash R, Wells GA, Sapp JL, et al. Effect of aggressive blood pressure control on the recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation: a randomized, open-label clinical trial (SMAC-AF [Substrate Modification With Aggressive Blood Pressure Control]). Circulation 2017; 135(19): 1788-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026230] [PMID: 28228428]
[98]
Gami AS, Pressman G, Caples SM, et al. Association of atrial fibrillation and obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 2004; 110(4): 364-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000136587.68725.8E] [PMID: 15249509]
[99]
Mehra R, Benjamin EJ, Shahar E, et al. Association of nocturnal arrhythmias with sleep-disordered breathing: The Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173(8): 910-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200509-1442OC] [PMID: 16424443]
[100]
Mehra R, Stone KL, Varosy PD, et al. Nocturnal Arrhythmias across a spectrum of obstructive and central sleep-disordered breathing in older men: Outcomes of sleep disorders in older men (MrOS sleep) study. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169(12): 1147-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.138] [PMID: 19546416]
[101]
Youssef I, Kamran H, Yacoub M, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis. J Sleep Disord Ther 2018; 7(1): 282.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-0277.1000282] [PMID: 29657903]
[102]
Gami AS, Hodge DO, Herges RM, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49(5): 565-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.060] [PMID: 17276180]
[103]
Ng CY, Liu T, Shehata M, Stevens S, Chugh SS, Wang X. Meta-analysis of obstructive sleep apnea as predictor of atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation. Am J Cardiol 2011; 108(1): 47-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.02.343] [PMID: 21529734]
[104]
Shukla A, Aizer A, Holmes D, et al. Effect of obstructive sleep apnea treatment on atrial fibrillation recurrence: A meta-analysis. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2015; 1(1-2): 41-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2015.02.014] [PMID: 29759338]
[105]
Mohammadieh AM, Sutherland K, Kanagaratnam LB, Whalley DW, Gillett MJ, Cistulli PA. Clinical screening tools for obstructive sleep apnea in a population with atrial fibrillation: A diagnostic accuracy trial. J Clin Sleep Med 2021; 17(5): 1015-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.9098] [PMID: 33560210]
[106]
Dimitri H, Ng M, Brooks AG, et al. Atrial remodeling in obstructive sleep apnea: Implications for atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2012; 9(3): 321-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.10.017] [PMID: 22016075]
[107]
Linz D, Hohl M, Ukena C, et al. Obstructive respiratory events and premature atrial contractions after cardioversion. Eur Respir J 2015; 45(5): 1332-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00175714] [PMID: 25745047]
[108]
Kohler M, Stradling JR. Mechanisms of vascular damage in obstructive sleep apnea. Nat Rev Cardiol 2010; 7(12): 677-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2010.145] [PMID: 21079639]
[109]
Linz D, Linz B, Hohl M, Böhm M. Atrial arrhythmogenesis in obstructive sleep apnea: Therapeutic implications. Sleep Med Rev 2016; 26: 87-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2015.03.003] [PMID: 26186892]
[110]
Voskoboinik A, Prabhu S, Ling L, Kalman JM, Kistler PM. Alcohol and atrial fibrillation: A sobering review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68(23): 2567-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.08.074] [PMID: 27931615]
[111]
Anadon MJ, Almendral J, González P, Zaballos M, Delcan JL, Guevara JL. Alcohol concentration determines the type of atrial arrhythmia induced in a porcine model of acute alcoholic intoxication. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996; 19(11): 1962-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.1996.tb03262.x] [PMID: 8945078]
[112]
Chen YC, Chen SA, Chen YJ, Tai CT, Chan P, Lin CI. Effect of ethanol on the electrophysiological characteristics of pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 483(2-3): 215-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.10.042] [PMID: 14729109]
[113]
Laszlo R, Eick C, Schwiebert M, et al. Alcohol-induced electrical remodeling: Effects of sustained short-term ethanol infusion on ion currents in rabbit atrium. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33(10): 1697-703.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01006.x] [PMID: 19572985]
[114]
Zhang H, Ruan H, Rahmutula D, et al. Effect of acute and chronic ethanol on atrial fibrillation vulnerability in rats. Heart Rhythm 2020; 17(4): 654-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.11.014] [PMID: 31756527]
[115]
Marcus GM, Dukes JW, Vittinghoff E, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous alcohol to assess changes in atrial electrophysiology. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2021; 7(5): 662-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2020.11.026] [PMID: 33516710]
[116]
Shen MJ, Zipes DP. Role of the autonomic nervous system in modulating cardiac arrhythmias. Circ Res 2014; 114(6): 1004-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.302549] [PMID: 24625726]
[117]
Piano MR. Alcohol’s effects on the cardiovascular system. Alcohol Res 2017; 38(2): 219-41.
[PMID: 28988575]
[118]
Voskoboinik A, Wong G, Lee G, et al. Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with atrial electrical and structural changes: Insights from high-density left atrial electroanatomic mapping. Heart Rhythm 2019; 16(2): 251-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.10.041] [PMID: 30639070]
[119]
Aberle NS II, Burd L, Zhao BH, Ren J. Acetaldehyde-induced cardiac contractile dysfunction may be alleviated by vitamin B1 but not by vitamins B6 or B12. Alcohol Alcohol 2004; 39(5): 450-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agh085] [PMID: 15304379]
[120]
Piano MR, Rosenblum C, Solaro RJ, Schwertz D. Calcium sensitivity and the effect of the calcium sensitizing drug pimobendan in the alcoholic isolated rat atrium. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999; 33(2): 237-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005344-199902000-00009] [PMID: 10028931]
[121]
Voskoboinik A, Kalman JM, De Silva A, et al. Alcohol abstinence in drinkers with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(1): 20-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1817591] [PMID: 31893513]
[122]
Qiao Y, Shi R, Hou B, et al. Impact of alcohol consumption on substrate remodeling and ablation outcome of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4(11): e002349.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.115.002349] [PMID: 26553213]
[123]
Takahashi Y, Nitta J, Kobori A, et al. Alcohol consumption reduction and clinical outcomes of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2021; 14(6): e009770.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.121.009770] [PMID: 33999699]
[124]
Huxley RR, Filion KB, Konety S, Alonso A. Meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies of type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2011; 108(1): 56-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.03.004] [PMID: 21529739]
[125]
Liu C, Fu H, Li J, et al. Hyperglycemia aggravates atrial interstitial fibrosis, ionic remodeling and vulnerability to atrial fibrillation in diabetic rabbits. Anatol J Cardiol 2012; 12(7): 543.
[126]
Sedgwick B, Riches K, Bageghni SA, O’Regan DJ, Porter KE, Turner NA. Investigating inherent functional differences between human cardiac fibroblasts cultured from nondiabetic and Type 2 diabetic donors. Cardiovasc Pathol 2014; 23(4): 204-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carpath.2014.03.004] [PMID: 24746387]
[127]
Singh VP, Le B, Khode R, Baker KM, Kumar R. Intracellular angiotensin II production in diabetic rats is correlated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and cardiac fibrosis. Diabetes 2008; 57(12): 3297-306.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db08-0805] [PMID: 18829990]
[128]
Fiaschi T, Magherini F, Gamberi T, et al. Hyperglycemia and angiotensin II cooperate to enhance collagen I deposition by cardiac fibroblasts through a ROS-STAT3-dependent mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2014; 1843(11): 2603-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.07.009] [PMID: 25072659]
[129]
Toblli JE, Cao G, DeRosa G, Forcada P. Reduced cardiac expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and transforming growth factor 1 in obese Zucker rats by perindopril. Heart 2005; 91(1): 80-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2003.022707] [PMID: 15604340]
[130]
Chao TF, Suenari K, Chang SL, et al. Atrial substrate properties and outcome of catheter ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation associated with diabetes mellitus or impaired fasting glucose. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106(11): 1615-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.07.038] [PMID: 21094363]
[131]
Forleo GB, Mantica M, De Luca L, et al. Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2: Results from a randomized study comparing pulmonary vein isolation versus antiarrhythmic drug therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2009; 20(1): 22-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2008.01275.x] [PMID: 18775050]
[132]
Anselmino M, Matta M, D’ascenzo F, et al. Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace 2015; 17(10): 1518-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euv214] [PMID: 26498716]
[133]
Wang A, Green JB, Halperin JL, Piccini JP Sr. Atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 74(8): 1107-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.07.020] [PMID: 31439220]
[134]
Chang SH, Wu LS, Chiou MJ, et al. Association of metformin with lower atrial fibrillation risk among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A population-based dynamic cohort and in vitro studies. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13(1): 123.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12933-014-0123-x] [PMID: 25106079]
[135]
Chao TF, Leu HB, Huang CC, et al. Thiazolidinediones can prevent new onset atrial fibrillation in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes. Int J Cardiol 2012; 156(2): 199-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.08.081] [PMID: 21930315]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy